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[REFERENCE: “The REFERENCE: “Pouring Flows With Separation,” Jean-Marc Vanden-Broeck and Joseph B. Keller, Physics of Fluids A: Fluid Dynamics, vol. A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive. WHO TOOK PART IN THE CEREMONY: Leila Satari, Alba Guillén, Àngela Vidal-Verdú, Manuel Porcar, CHEMISTRY PRIZE [GERMANY, UK, NEW ZEALAND, GREECE, CYPRUS, AUSTRIA]: Abdulrazak Gurnah awarded Nobel literature prize – video No black African writer has won the prize since Wole Soyinka in 1986. 395-6. MEDICINE PRIZE [GERMANY] — Christoph Helmchen, Carina Palzer, Thomas Münte, Silke Anders, and Andreas Sprenger, for discovering that if you have an itch on the left side of your body, you can relieve it by looking into a mirror and scratching the right side of your body (and vice versa). REFERENCE: US patent application 2010/0308995 A1; filing date: Feb 5, 2009. Several weeks later, the Prize was presented to Lal Bihari himself in a special ceremony in India. REFERENCE: Mindless Eating: Why We Eat More Than We Think, Brian Wansink Bantom Books, 2006, ISBN 0553804340. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Brian Wansink. MATHEMATICS PRIZE — Elisabeth Oberzaucher [AUSTRIA, GERMANY, UK] and Karl Grammer [AUSTRIA, GERMANY], for trying to use mathematical techniques to determine whether and how Moulay Ismael the Bloodthirsty, the Sharifian Emperor of Morocco, managed, during the years from 1697 through 1727, to father 888 children. ECONOMICS: The Reverend Sun Myung Moon, for bringing efficiency and steady growth to the mass-marriage industry, with, according to his reports, a 36-couple wedding in 1960, a 430-couple wedding in 1968, an 1800-couple wedding in 1975, a 6000-couple wedding in 1982, a 30,000-couple wedding in 1992, a 360,000-couple wedding in 1995, and a 36,000,000-couple wedding in 1997. Between 1905 and 1946, the ceremony took place at the Norwegian Nobel Institute. The Nobel prize has been a wonderful showcase for chemistry once more getting phrases like organocatalysis out into the popular press. LITERATURE: Eric Topol, R. Califf, F. Van de Werf, P. W. Armstrong, and their 972 co-authors, for publishing a medical research paper which has one hundred times as many authors as pages. The prize money was allocated to the Main Fund (1/3) and to the Special Fund (2/3) of this prize section. 9, August 26, 2005, pp. ART: Don Featherstone of Fitchburg, Massachusetts, for his ornamentally evolutionary invention, the plastic pink flamingo. REFERENCE: “An Unexpected Advantage of Whiteness in Horses: The Most Horsefly-Proof Horse Has a Depolarizing White Coat,” Gábor Horváth, Miklós Blahó, György Kriska, Ramón Hegedüs, Balázs Gerics, Róbert Farkas and Susanne Åkesson, Proceedings of the Royal Society B, vol. ACOUSTICS: D. Lynn Halpern (of Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates, and Brandeis University, and Northwestern University), Randolph Blake (of Vanderbilt University and Northwestern University) and James Hillenbrand (of Western Michigan University and Northwestern University) for conducting experiments to learn why people dislike the sound of fingernails scraping on a blackboard. REFERENCE: “Auditory stimulation of opera music induced prolongation of murine cardiac allograft survival and maintained generation of regulatory CD4+CD25+ cells,” Masateru Uchiyama, Xiangyuan Jin, Qi Zhang, Toshihito Hirai, Atsushi Amano, Hisashi Bashuda and Masanori Niimi, Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery, vol. 59, no. 198, no. REFERENCE: “Novel Production Method for Plant Polyphenol from Livestock Excrement Using Subcritical Water Reaction,” Mayu Yamamoto, International Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2008. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Mayu Yamamoto [50] In 1948, following Gandhi's death, the Nobel Committee declined to award a prize on the ground that "there was no suitable living candidate" that year. On the contrary, there was no spur-of-the-moment, natural and unprompted deluge and outpouring of joy and national pride in the Philippines for Maria Ressa of Rappler when it was announced that she had won the 2021 Nobel Peace Prize. 16, no. 70, no. 90, no. In accordance with Alfred Nobel's will, the recipient is selected by the Norwegian Nobel Committee, a five-member committee appointed by the Parliament of Norway. BIOLOGY PRIZE — Bruno Grossi, Omar Larach, Mauricio Canals, Rodrigo A. Vásquez [CHILE], José Iriarte-Díaz [CHILE, USA], for observing that when you attach a weighted stick to the rear end of a chicken, the chicken then walks in a manner similar to that in which dinosaurs are thought to have walked. JOINT PRIZE IN BIOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY: Marie Dacke [SWEDEN, AUSTRALIA], Emily Baird [SWEDEN, AUSTRALIA, GERMANY], Marcus Byrne [SOUTH AFRICA, UK], Clarke Scholtz [SOUTH AFRICA], and Eric J. CHEMISTRY PRIZE. J.E.M.H. REFERENCE: Ergonomics, vol 37, no. 1625-40. 46-50. 239-41. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Marie-Christine Cadiergues and Christel Joubert, unable to attend the ceremony, were presented with the prize at a special ceremony, later in the month, at the Genoa Science Festival. Iman Farahbakhsh, for inventing a diaper-changing machine for use on human infants. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. The first Nobel prize was awarded in 1901, which was five years after Alfred Nobel's death. REFERENCE: “Itch Relief by Mirror Scratching. 185.]. Brown, Huiwen Lian, D. Lance Ferris, and Lisa M. Keeping. 92, no. 227, no. PEACE: Charl Fourie and Michelle Wong of Johannesburg, South Africa, for inventing an automobile burglar alarm consisting of a detection circuit and a flamethrower. 8, 2001, pp. The reasoning behind the peace prize is less clear. ATTENDING THE THE CEREMONY: Johan Pettersson. The authors are from the following countries: Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Ireland, Israel, Luxembourg, The Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Spain, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States.] BIOLOGY: W. Brian Sweeney, Brian Krafte-Jacobs, Jeffrey W. Britton, and Wayne Hansen, for their breakthrough study, “The Constipated Serviceman: Prevalence Among Deployed US Troops,” and especially for their numerical analysis of bowel movement frequency. 1163-70. 7, 2012. 4, Aug. 1993, p. 322. 5-17. and hosted by Pair Networks. 198-200. WHO ATTENDED THE IG NOBEL CEREMONY: John Mainstone. REFERENCE: “Selection of Biting Sites on Man by Two Malaria Mosquito Species,” R. De Jong and B.G.J. Ivan Maksymov and Andrey Pototsky, for determining, experimentally, what happens to the shape of a living earthworm when one vibrates the earthworm at high frequency. The ceremony was webcast. Rentz, Journal of the Australian Entomological Society, vol. 5, 1998, pp. Swearing her to secrecy, Professor Barry Marshall agrees to be her guide as she travels around the world and through time to learn the secrets behind some of the most fascinating and important scientific discoveries. A Survey of Frog Odorous Secretions, Their Possible Functions and Phylogenetic Significance, Chemical and Olfactory Characterization of Odorous Compounds and Their Precursors in the Parotoid Gland Secretion of the Green Tree Frog, Litoria caerulea, Pressures Produced When Penguins Pooh — Calculations on Avian Defaecation, 14th First Annual Ig Nobel Prize Ceremony, Coordination Modes in the Multisegmental Dynamics of Hula Hooping, Chicago High School for Agricultural Sciences, investigating the scientific validity of the Five-Second Rule, If You Drop It, Should You Eat It? [VIDEO], WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Toshiyuki Nakagaki, Ryo Kobayashi, Atsushi Tero. 7, 2010, pp. 24, no. Ghada A. bin Saif, Alexandru Papoiu, Liliana Banari, Francis McGlone, Shawn G. Kwatra, Yiong-Huak Chan, and Gil Yosipovitch, for trying to measure the pleasurability of scratching an itch. Note that the Nobel prize can only be won by individuals, there can be no more than three winners in a given year, and money is split equally between multiple winners. REFERENCE: “Bottomless Bowls: Why Visual Cues of Portion Size May Influence Intake,” Brian Wansink, James E. Painter and Jill North, Obesity Research, vol. 35, 1997, pp. REFERENCE: “Pink Flamingos: Splendor on the Grass”. Ling-Jun Kong, Herbert Crepaz, Agnieszka Górecka, Aleksandra Urbanek, Rainer Dumke, and Tomasz Paterek, for discovering that dead magnetized cockroaches behave differently than living magnetized cockroaches. 454-5. The Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded 114 times to 118 Nobel Prize laureates between 1901 and 2021. 6, 1999, pp. You can BIOLOGY: Robert Klark Graham, selector of seeds and prophet of propagation, for his pioneering development of the Repository for Germinal Choice, a sperm bank that accepts donations only from Nobellians and Olympians. REFERENCE: “What is for Dinner? 15, 1980, pp. 217-25. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Karina Acevedo-Whitehouse, Agnes Rocha-Gosselin, Diane Gendron. Abdulrazak Gurnah “for his uncompromising and compassionate penetration of the effects of colonialism and the fate of the refugee in the gulf between cultures and continents”, Louise Glück “for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal”, Peter Handke “for an influential work that with linguistic ingenuity has explored the periphery and the specificity of human experience”, Olga Tokarczuk “for a narrative imagination that with encyclopedic passion represents the crossing of boundaries as a form of life”, Kazuo Ishiguro “who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world”, Bob Dylan “for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition”, Svetlana Alexievich “for her polyphonic writings, a monument to suffering and courage in our time”, Patrick Modiano “for the art of memory with which he has evoked the most ungraspable human destinies and uncovered the life-world of the occupation”, Alice Munro “master of the contemporary short story”, Mo Yan “who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary”, Tomas Tranströmer “because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality”, Mario Vargas Llosa “for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual’s resistance, revolt, and defeat”, Herta Müller “who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed”, Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio “author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization”, Doris Lessing “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny”, Orhan Pamuk “who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures”, Harold Pinter“who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression’s closed rooms”, Elfriede Jelinek “for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society’s clichés and their subjugating power”, John M. Coetzee “who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider”, Imre Kertész “for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history”, Sir Vidiadhar Surajprasad Naipaul “for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories”, Gao Xingjian “for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama”, Günter Grass “whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history”, José Saramago who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality”, Dario Fo “who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden”, Wislawa Szymborska “for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality”, Seamus Heaney “for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past”, Kenzaburo Oe “who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today”, Toni Morrison “who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality”, Derek Walcott “for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment”, Nadine Gordimer “who through her magnificent epic writing has – in the words of Alfred Nobel – been of very great benefit to humanity”, Octavio Paz “for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity”, Camilo José Cela “for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man’s vulnerability”, Naguib Mahfouz “who, through works rich in nuance – now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous – has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind”, Joseph Brodsky “for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity”, Wole Soyinka “who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence”, Claude Simon “who in his novel combines the poet’s and the painter’s creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition”, Jaroslav Seifert “for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man”, William Golding “for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today”, Gabriel García Márquez “for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts”, Elias Canetti “for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power”, Czeslaw Milosz who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man’s exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts”, Odysseus Elytis “for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man’s struggle for freedom and creativeness”, Isaac Bashevis Singer “for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life”, Vicente Aleixandre “for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man’s condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars”, Saul Bellow “for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work”, Eugenio Montale “for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions”, Eyvind Johnson “for a narrative art, far-seeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom”, Harry Martinson “for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos”, Patrick White “for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature”, Heinrich Böll “for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature”, Pablo Neruda “for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent’s destiny and dreams”, Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn “for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature”, Samuel Beckett “for his writing, which – in new forms for the novel and drama – in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation”, Yasunari Kawabata “for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind”, Miguel Angel Asturias “for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America”, Shmuel Yosef Agnon “for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people”, Nelly Sachs“for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel’s destiny with touching strength”, Mikhail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov “for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people”, Jean-Paul Sartre “for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age”, Giorgos Seferis “for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture”, John Steinbeck “for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception”, Ivo Andric “for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country”, Saint-John Perse “for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time”, Salvatore Quasimodo “for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times”, Boris Leonidovich Pasternak “for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition”, Albert Camus “for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times”, Juan Ramón Jiménez “for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity”, Halldór Kiljan Laxness “for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland”, Ernest Miller Hemingway “for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style”, Sir Winston Leonard Spencer Churchill “for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values”, François Mauriac “for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life”, Pär Fabian Lagerkvist “for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind”, Earl (Bertrand Arthur William) Russell “in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought”, William Faulkner “for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel”, Thomas Stearns Eliot “for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry”, André Paul Guillaume Gide “for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight”, Hermann Hesse “for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style”, Gabriela Mistral “for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world”, Johannes Vilhelm Jensen “for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style”. REFERENCE: “The Spermicidal Potency of Coca-Cola and Pepsi-Cola,” C.Y. COMPUTER SCIENCE: Chris Niswander of Tucson, Arizona, for inventing PawSense, software that detects when a cat is walking across your computer keyboard. REFERENCE: “Thermal Asymmetry of the Human Scrotum,” Bourras Bengoudifa and Roger Mieusset, Human Reproduction, vol. This is the first Nobel Prize for a Filipino. 95, no. A comprehensive list of Nobel Prize Laureates in Literature, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Shiguru Watanabe [and his adult sons, who were some of the subjects of the study when they were children 35 years ago]. Moral Consideration of Plants for Their Own Sake”. for solving the puzzle of why, in certain houses in the town of Anderslöv, Sweden, people’s hair turned green. 3, May/Jun 2003. WHO ATTENDED THE IG NOBEL CEREMONY: John Trinkaus. The ceremony was webcast live. 1, March 1975, pp. REFERENCE: “Colonic Gas Explosion During Therapeutic Colonoscopy with Electrocautery,” Spiros D Ladas, George Karamanolis, Emmanuel Ben-Soussan, World Journal of Gastroenterology, vol. 3, February 9, 2015, pp. In 1994, one prize was based on what turned out to be erroneous press accounts. 138-42. 1, 2010, pp. 1152-1162. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Marina de Tommaso. Astolfo G. Mello Araujo and José Carlos Marcelino of Universidade de São Paulo, Brazil, for measuring how the course of history, or at least the contents of an archaeological dig site, can be scrambled by the actions of a live armadillo. 9, no. 165-174. The ceremony was webcast live. MEDICINE: Willibrord Weijmar Schultz, Pek van Andel, and Eduard Mooyaart of Groningen, The Netherlands, and Ida Sabelis of Amsterdam, for their illuminating report, “Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Male and Female Genitals During Coitus and Female Sexual Arousal.” [Published in British Medical Journal, vol. ], LITERATURE: Vicki Silvers Gier and David S. Kreiner of Central Missouri State University, for their colorful report “The Effects of Pre-Existing Inappropriate Highlighting on Reading Comprehension.” [ PUBLISHED IN: Reading Research and Instruction, vol. Moeliker, of Natuurhistorisch Museum Rotterdam, the Netherlands, for documenting the first scientifically recorded case of homosexual necrophilia in the mallard duck. Shieh, P. Wu, and B.N. 1-2, 2010, pp. Report of the Special Investigation Commission. [NOTE: Several years after this prize was awarded, the patent office quietly revoked Mr. Keogh’s patent.]. [THAILAND]. [20], Nominations are considered by the Nobel Committee at a meeting where a shortlist of candidates for further review is created. 332 December 2006. WHO ATTENDED THE CEREMONY: Milo Puhan, Christian Lo Cascio, Markus Heitz, Alex Suarez. 9, 2014, pp. 7, no. Shigeru Watanabe, Mineko Ohnishi, Kaori Imai, Eiji Kawano, and Seiji Igarashi, for estimating the total saliva volume produced per day by a typical five-year-old child PUBLIC HEALTH PRIZE: Manuel Barbeito, Charles Mathews, and Larry Taylor of the Industrial Health and Safety Office, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA, for determining by experiment that microbes cling to bearded scientists. 64, no. DIAGNOSTIC MEDICINE PRIZE — Diallah Karim [CANADA, UK], Anthony Harnden [NEW ZEALAND, UK, US], Nigel D’Souza [BAHRAIN, BELGIUM, DUBAI, INDIA, SOUTH AFRICA, US, UK], Andrew Huang [CHINA, UK], Abdel Kader Allouni [SYRIA, UK], Helen Ashdown [UK], Richard J. Stevens [UK], and Simon Kreckler [UK], for determining that acute appendicitis can be accurately diagnosed by the amount of pain evident when the patient is driven over speed bumps. The ceremony was webcast live. The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige. 42, October 16, 2007, pp. 1, January 2013, pp. 3958-61. Leila Satari, Alba Guillén, Àngela Vidal-Verdú, and Manuel Porcar, for using genetic analysis to identify the different species of bacteria that reside in wads of discarded chewing gum stuck on pavements in various countries. [16] The statutes of the Nobel Foundation do not allow information about nominations, considerations, or investigations relating to awarding the prize to be made public for at least 50 years after a prize has been awarded. 2, 2019, pp. The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Swedish industrialist, inventor, and armaments (military weapons and equipment) manufacturer Alfred Nobel, along with the prizes in Chemistry, Physics, Physiology or Medicine, and Literature.Since March 1901, it has been awarded annually (with some exceptions) to those who have "done the …

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