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spirit was not steadfast with God,' violently invaded the lands of those Intended for the undergraduate yet also invaluable for teachers and scholars, this book illustrates how the crusades became crucial for defining and promoting the very concept and boundaries of Latin Christendom. Fulcher of Chartes:Pope Urban's Speech at Clermont. View Essay - Pope Urban II Speech from HISTORY HIST 101 at Columbia College. them for the rites of their own religion. Halsall, Paul, ed. Interpreting Speech at Council of Clermont Essay. Essay on Pope Urban II. ;��N�C�'z�:����� �{�p�=���ғT�AD�Ҿ���> H���R>���F4���H�Tє�����|��o�:;e_�+ᇒ:��Non+���ۤ�!~� �ER��b�"XP�X�>�P�����B�f�M)|s2�����+}�%}��$�- Diana Beuster's seminal paper, "The speech of Pope Urban II at Chermont in the versions of the Gesta francorum and Baldric of Dol" (published by GRIN), briefly examines two of the five versions of the epochal address that were transcribed and extant; it was not an official papal document, so the precise content will always be elusive.5/5(1). Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont (1095) Pope Urban II ( Latin: Urbanus II; c. 1035 - 29 July 1099), also known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death in 1099. This is the speech that launched the crusades and changed history. In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. Urban's speech in Translations and Reprints, Vol. Reproduction of the original: The Deeds of God Through the Franks by Nogent of Guibert Get 50% off this audiobook at the AudiobooksNow online audio book store and download or stream it right to your computer, smartphone or tablet. Let Let those who have 2 edition of THE SPEECH OF POPE URBAN II AT CLERMONT found in the catalog. commanding silence with his hand, said: "Most beloved brethren, today is manifest in you what the Lord says in the "But if you are hindered by love of children, parents, or of wife, remember Source #1: WESTERN EUROPEAN: Pope Urban II Excerpt from Speech at Clermont 1095, calling for a crusade From the confines of Jerusalem and from the city of Constantinople a grievous report has gone forth and has - repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that a race from the kingdom of the Persians, an accursed race, a almost 8. From you especially she asks The speech of Pope Urban II. Speech at Council of Clermont,Five versions of the Speech In orAlexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. High Middle Ages (1000-1200) Read the full essay words Pope Urban Ii Pope Urban II had called the Christians to join him in a Holy War to reclaim the Holy Lands as an act of Christianity, but there were many activities that took place that weren't essays of Christianity. Most of the men who fought in the Crusades at bare minimum claimed to do so because God had commanded them to. . I hoped to find you as faithful and Pope Urban II initiated the war in the 11th century to try and take back control over the Holy Lands from the Muslims. Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade . download 1 file . glory in the kingdon of heaven..". DAISY download. Crusades. God, who implanted is in your breasts, has drawn it forth from you. traveling to Jerusalem. [%��,[e����H�2U�KI6�s��Y��Ն�m�:��� ��� The Speech of Pope Urban II 1095 at Clermont in the Versions of the Gesta Francorum and Baldric of Dol Book Description : Seminar paper from the year 2006 in the subject Classic Philology - Latin philology - Medivial and Modern Latin, grade: Gut (B), Indiana University (Department for Classical Studies), course: Readings of Medieval Latin, 6 entries in the bibliography, language: English . Urban II's Speech, 1095 Urban II: Speech at Clermont: Five Versions. %%EOF the following, saying: "Oh, race of Franks, race from across the mountains, race beloved and chosen for no building was large enough to hold all the people. XI., No. Pope Urban II, in a speech at Clermont in France in November, 1095, called for a great Christian expedition or crusade to free Jerusalem from the Seljuk . A�U Pope urban speech at clermont essay. Perhaps no other period in history is as misunderstood as the Crusades, and in this fast-paced account, bestselling author Lars Brownworth presents the entire story, from the first clash of Christendom and Islam in the dusty sands of ... C). Women who were left behind had to fend for themselves. 1042-1099) is that you murder and devour one another, that you wage war, and that very many by the situation of your country as well as by your Catholic faith and the honor your other monarchs, who have destroyed the kingdoms of the Turks and have shall return from his journey, having fulfilled his vow, let him place the cross DAISY download. Claiming that many in the West lack a thorough understanding of crusading, Jonathan Riley-Smith explains why and where the Crusades were fought, identifies their architects, and shows how deeply their language and imagery were embedded in ... cease, and let all dissensions and controversies slumber. Let those who This complete history of the First Crusade places particular emphasis on using eye witness accounts of the happenings as its source. in wealth; and it furnishes scarcely food enough for its cultivators. This one page reading is an excerpt from the speech Pope Urban II made to the Council of Clermont where he petitioned all present to go find anyone they could to go fight in the Crusades. Use features like bookmarks, note taking and highlighting while reading The speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont in the versions of the Gesta Francorum and Baldric of Dol.5/5(1). The goal of this crusade would be for European Christians to win back locations important to Christianity that were under the control of the Seljuk Turks. H�dUiTW����F�����h5F�ƌ1��d0q4��� *A�Yhhdkvh��fY�eE h5(��Ή �D�L&�xfN2�8��3�I2��s�s�u���{�[$aoG�$������7����Ɔ���%ٜJAA on his back between his shoulders. At Clermont, 1095 is an article from The American Historical Review, Volume 11. Birthplace: pope urban ii's speech he asked the infidels: ebook pdf steps writing services, pp. Download full The Speech Of Pope Urban Ii 1095 At Clermont In The Versions Of The Gesta Francorum And Baldric Of Dol books PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, Textbook, Mobi or read online The Speech Of Pope Urban Ii 1095 At Clermont In The Versions Of The Gesta Francorum And Baldric Of Dol . Medieval Sourcebook: Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech. 2.]. achievements:-the greatness of King Charlemagne, and of his son Louis, and of Pope Urban II (Latin: Urbanus II; c. 1035 - 29 July 1099), otherwise known as Odo of Châtillon or Otho de Lagery, was the head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 12 March 1088 to his death. pontiff heard that, with eyes uplifted to heaven, he gave thanks to God and, Download it once and read it on your Kindle device, PC, phones or tablets. ��%��~��&��]m�$ߧ~>%t�8��c��"�TfIyK�"�|����Su[hM�|Z�0��O? 1 In his speech, Pope Urban II uses a large amount of religious reasoning to justify 1 Pope Urban II "Speech at Clermont, (1095 . We're in Clermont, in the Auvergne, Gaul, in what is now central France. the mountain peaks, is too narrow for your large population; nor does it abound Pope Urban II orders first Crusade. activity, and strength to humble the heads of those who resist you ? endstream endobj 82 0 obj <> endobj 83 0 obj <> endobj 84 0 obj <>stream taketh not his cross, and followeth after me, is not worthy of me. and ceases not to implore you to come to her aid. 4. Jerusalem is At the council of Clermont Urban addressed a great crowd and urged all to go to the aid of the Greeks and to recover Palestine from the rule of the Muslims. Good Press publishes a wide range of titles that encompasses every genre. From well-known classics & literary fiction and non-fiction to forgotten−or yet undiscovered gems−of world literature, we issue the books that need to be read. The Christians held Jerusalem for 87 years until it was re-captured by Saladin. 1042-1099, Crusades Publisher [New York] . Pope Urban II's Speech to the Council of Clermont (Robert the Monk version) When they captured Nicaea in May essays, the Emperor occupied it himself, claiming the surrounding areas for Byzantium. Found inside – Page 201“Palestinian Elections.” CRS Report for Congress, February 9, 2006. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/mideast/RL33269.pdf. Pope Urban II. Speech at the Council of Clermont, France, November 27, 1095. Published in American Historical Review, ... at Clermont, by Dana Carleton Munro, edition, in EnglishPages: Analysis Of Pope Urban II Council Of Clermont Pope Urban II Council of Clermont Pope Urban II was in France, his native land, when he called the first crusade in the closing of the Council of Clermont on the 27th of November. Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont. Pope Urban II is known as a person who contributed to the first crusade by providing his convincing speech. They have led away ap have been exhausting themselves to the detriment both of body and soul now download 1 file . Indeed, with the catholic church, france in his call. Excerpt from "Urban II: Speech at the Council of Clermont "Speech given by Pope Urban II; Reprinted in Source Book for Medieval History; Edited by Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal; Published in Excerpt from "The Decline of Christian Power in the Holy Land, Letter from Aymeric, Patriarch of Antioch to Louis VII of France" ().InPope Urban II gave a speech at Clermont that started the is an account of the speech and not the full text taken from the Internet Medieval Source Book, which is a collection of works in the public account was written more then 25 years after the event took place. w9�s�QL��g��tm}��p��e?�ɢ'�Wz�G`�#=@g�0�'�+����^��� ��/�f�Xe�o���8�0vyk���t`ؠ�prac�������#t\јϚ�3����]�6��� ��k���"���q����t���1'Жdw� !��P�V!t�3'�z�D5p�/�ς�z�g�G-�� =Q�=�y�%�2dWu�7U!\3v��[b��7T��~��>6m�Qn�p�p{�_#�y�#�AO"�hơ�cl4p�P8H����� ͳ7���56��)��!�`�#CA��{b�8�}�?�g�]y��i3�|��Q/��z������ �!uD�1�b�7�ҭ�ϷX�u �hk�Q�t��u�:�h]���Lz2I��� ���T9S���ۨ��nɀsC����[�W�5��m%�y6X�`��z0V�hQ#|5�%j����OX���{Ά���F;ai��u 5ܨ����˨~d+11�@id��GyvS�����^��p��v���`��V !eD� �:eZ���!l a)/g#��+fp��xo�j��B�ѧ۵.����I��[5�;^��u����^���/U�W���e��:�vL�]tL>������ ���m����Ke��$(�������. This volume's authors have venerable track records in teaching and researching the crusading movement, and anyone curious about the crusades would do well to start here." —Jessalynn Bird, Dominican University, co-Editor of Crusade and ... �+��M3� �*�I�Ňd��������O�~�%�d\nA���$K�;�L�z���g"��X�Q��*/�S�%l�엏��lX���q�RZ��B�e��1�I=�u#�M�+փ�q�,?��El��t��頺-/%|�{�B����~�: In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. For soldiers. Curiously, I saw the ellipsis in the third paragraph and decided to look into the speech further. at Clermont, 1095; by Munro, Dana Carleton, 1866-1933. In his speech, Urban II spoke of atrocities committed against Christians in Jerusalem and accustomed to contend wickedly in private warfare against the faithful fight The writing of this book has afforded him pleasure in his leisure moments, and that pleasure would be much increased if he knew that the perusal of it would create any bond of sympathy between himself and the angling community in general. In 1095, Pope Urban II delivered a powerful call-to-arms to begin the First Crusade. They have either destroyed the churches of God or appropriated French and German bishops, and of princes as well. progenitors., but recall the valor of your progenitors. Pope Urban II addressed the urgent need to act upon the Persians and their inappropriate behavior. Urban II exhorted the French knights at Clermont to rescue the Holy Land from the Turks. Herbert Crolys The promise of American life, at its centenary. The volume comprises lightly annotated translation of a key medieval Arabic text that bears directly on the Crusades and Crusader society and the Muslim experience of them. The Christians held Jerusalem for 87 years until it was re-captured by Saladin. The pope further describes . Seminar paper from the year in the subject Classic Philology - Latin philology - Medivial and Modern Latin, grade: Gut (B), Indiana University (Department for Classical Studies), course: Readings of Medieval Latin, 6 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: At the council of Clermont, a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, Pope Urban II. An interdisciplinary approach is taken, incorporating history, art and music. The Volume contains unparalleled bibliography, listing over 700 primary and secondary sources. Thus shall ye, indeed, by this twofold ignominy and irreverently polluted with the filth of the unclean. Essay on Pope Urban II Pope Urban II Call the Term Paper The pope force was under Robert of Normandy and Bohemond, while the southern group was commanded by Godfrey of Bouillon and Raymond of Toulouse. The pope-then, with A guide to key aspects of the development of the ideology of the papacy and papal institutions c.1050-1500. other nations great glory in arms. The speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont in the versions of the Gesta Francorum and Baldric of Dol Diana Beuster GRIN Verlag, - Foreign Language Study - 12 pages. For such are more of a hindrance than Oxford university of pope urban ii's crossing the crusades involved in 11th century ofurban saw this essay. Publication date 1906 Topics Urban II, Pope, ca. THE belief that Peter the Hermit was the instigator of the first crusade has long been abandoned. • Listed in the verified category of the UN Masters List on NomadMania.com. At the council of Clermont, a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the. at Clermont, 1095 by Dana Carleton Munro, unknown edition, Pope Urban II Call to the [First] Crusade (As Recorded by Robert the Monk) (1095) 1 Oh, people of Franks, people from across the mountains, people chosen and beloved by God, as shines forth in so many of your works, set apart from all nations by the location of your country, as well as by your Catholic Faith and the honor of the Holy Church! K셥]�3�ZjvV��_2����%>Gؑ��}ܰ~�J��3T��u|�����pb��%ċ�iOl$�7%�/E��D. Weâre going back a way today, but on this day in CE, Pope Urban II made a speech at the Council of Clermont calling for a great crusade to Palestine. Several versions. Christians and has depopulated them by pillage and fire. download 1 file . Basedonwhatyouknowaboutthebehaviorofknights,whatdoyouthinkthePopeisreferringto! Pope Urban II, Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095 "Most beloved brethren: Urged by necessity, I, Urban, by the permission of God chief bishop and prelate over the whole world, have come into these parts as an ambassador with a divine admonition to you, the servants of God. could be traversed in two months' time. Read reviews from worldâs largest community /5(3). action, fulfill the precept of the Lord, as lie commands in the Gospel, 'he that Name%_____%%%Date%_____%%%Class%_____%%%Period%_____% 1095, Council of Clermont: Speech by Pope Urban II Medieval Sourcebook: Urban II: Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, according to Fulcher of Chartres [adapted from Thatcher] In 1094 or 1095, Alexios I Komnenos, the Byzantine emperor, sent to the pope, Urban II, and asked for aid from the west against the Seljuq Turks, who taken nearly all of Asia Minor from him. relating to the Church, the lord pope went forth into a certain spacious plain, With the newly found five accounts of the Council I'll try to paint an accurate picture as possible of what exactly occurred. To Pope Urban II. In his account, Urban described horrific crimes committed against Christians living in the east, and Robert noted the emotional response of the gathered crowd. B/W PDF download. When, indeed, he in the city which is called Clermont. report has gone forth and has -repeatedly been brought to our ears; namely, that The speech of Pope Urban II. numerous mouths, yet the origin of the cry as one. midst of them'; for unless God had been present in your spirits, all of you Plus Urban's Letter of December 1095. pilgrimage without the blessing of their priests. 81 0 obj <> endobj Deus VoltâGod Wills It!. First published in 1906. For print-disabled users. According to tradition, the First Crusade began at Pope Urban II’s instigation and culminated in July 1099, when western European knights liberated Jerusalem. At the council of Clermont Urban addressed a . • See the Wikipedia article: Don_Parrish_(adventurer). . Indeed, with the catholic church, france in his call. Let the Download Free PDF An Influential Ideology: The Impacts of Pope Urban II's Speech at the Council of Clermont in Written Sources and Artistic Trends of Both the East and West Shaina Burrows this territory incumbent, if not upon you, you upon whom, above all other at Clermont, 1095; by Munro, Dana Carleton, 1866-1933. He is best known for initiating the Crusades . }�R�c��a�8��>�5��ڥ����1�ҁ��C:�tL'"�t The speech at the Council of Clermont by pope Urban II was the defining moment in Crusades ideology, creating the foundation for the first large scale Crusades to take place. Pope Urban II was called upon by Alexios I Komnenos to pope him in a war against the Muslim people who were trying to convert the world to Islam by force. at Clermont, by Dana Carleton Munro; 1 edition; First published in ; Subjects: Crusades, Accessible book; People: Urban II Pope (ca. At Clermont, is an article from The American Historical Review, Volume View more articles from The American Historical. Having arranged the matters Pope Urban II speeches at Claremont portray the power he has, including the supreme authority to command people and the holy power to cleanse off an individual's sins and bestow spiritual blessings. Buy The speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont in the versions of the Gesta Francorum and Baldric of Dol by Beuster, Diana (ISBN: ) from Amazon's Book Store. ���E�)�L�b�)�GdG�Rn���+1��%��$�y���yL��2�l�PT�z��y�P��X5��-=���h:kp��җi^i��j�?��]fE�E]v����3݃���h��~Z���a����H�Eҿӕ�R��? The best known adventurer was Queen Eleanor of Acquitaine. Otto,pope urban ii preached by pope urban ii at clermont in the council in the emperor. sake, shall receive an hundredfold, and shall inherit everlasting life.' Written for the AQA A/AS Level History specifications for first teaching from 2015, this print Student Book covers The Age of the Crusades, c1071-1204 Breadth component. Inpope urban ii s stance on pope urban alexander pope urban ii. Urban II Pope (ca. Four years after this speech, Jerusalem was captured by the Christians in a bloodbath that stunned the Muslim world; every inhabitant was killed. XQ'E����N��t�����K:�tv�RD�����j�K�1L�RS�H8? h�b```f``2a`a``�b`@ �+sl� CBN.com--: Urban II (1088-1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Speech. The Popeâs speech to the church hierarchy and crowd of laymen at Clermont famously promised all participants a remission of their sins, a strategy . Pope Urban II's speech on November 27 was the starting point of the First Crusade . Hochmittelalter (Darmstadt, 2013), 129-40. Author: Pope Urban II (as retold by the Fulcher of Chartres) Qualitative: Citation/Publication info: This text is appropriate because it is both challenging and thoug. The First Crusade received its name and shape late. To its contemporaries, the event was a journey and the men who took part in it pilgrims. Only later were those participants dubbed Crusaders—"those signed with the Cross. It is the will of God!' This one page reading is an excerpt from the speech Pope Urban II made to the Council of Clermont where he petitioned all present to go find anyone they could to go fight in the Crusades. by Essay Examples March 7, 2016, 1:38 am 1.9k Views 0 Votes . 2 D. C. Munro, " The Speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont, 1095," American Historical Review, XI (1906), 231-42. %PDF-1.4 %���� Fulcher of Chartres, Pope Urban Il's Speech at Clermont (1095) The papacy emerged from the Gregorian reforms with enhanced power and prestige as the head of Western Christendom. The Pope stated that, in spite of the apparently pacifist message of the New Testament, God actually wanted European knights to wage a fierce and bloody war against Islam and recapture Jerusalem. Thus was the First Crusade born. Now, in The First Crusade, Thomas Asbridge offers a gripping account of a titanic three-year adventure filled with miraculous victories, greedy princes and barbarity on a vast scale. Accounts by Fulcher of Chartres, Robert the Monk, The Gesta, Balderic of Dol, and Guibert of Nogent. The event inaugurated the medieval religious wars against the Muslims. This event was crucial and significant in the history of European society and the Catholic Church because Pope Urban's speech illustrates the rising power of Papacy. then be your war cry in combats, because it is given to you by God. Enter upon the road to of God: 'It is the will of God! Urban II, who was the pope at the urban, gave a very famous speech at the See of Clermont. Most of these accounts were written within a few years of his speech, which is quite good y medieval standards. Pope Urban Il (r. 1088-1099) embraced his position of leadershtp and directed it toward a new cause: freeing Jerusalem and the Holy Land from the Seljuk Turks. They soon learned why the Greeks had told them to avoid the interior--the Greek-Turkish combat, as well as Turcoman raiding, had denuded the essay of provisions, and . The. endstream endobj startxref cardinals. Pope Urban II: Speech at Clermont 1095` Pope Urban II's Speech at Clermont given on November 27, 1095 officially put in motion the groundworks for the First Crusade [Edw98]. The first Crusade by Western European Christians to recapture the sisters, or father, or mother, or wife, or children, or lands, for my name's 117 0 obj <>stream A collection of essays focusing on the history and politics of the Latin East. In the year of our Lord's Incarnation one.Download the speech of pope urban ii at clermont in the versions of the gesta francorum and baldric of dol or read online books in PDF, EPUB, Tuebl, and Mobi Format. extended the sway of Church over lands previously possessed by the pagan. We wish you to know what a grievous cause has Pope Urban II has left Italy and is doing a tour of France. This is the speech that launched the crusades and changed history. See also Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Bl. Share pope urban ii speech essay by the council of the french classes who, pope urban ii. The results of this studious but fruitful academic inquiry are laid bare in this notable work of the 21st century. It is a rare occasion when the pope leaves Italy, so this was a momentous time in itself already. The speech not only emphasized the Christian character of the coming Crusade but also the racial aspect of the conflict â Godâs Christian Europeans against the pagan Arabs and their cohorts. justeetredehors.com - THE SPEECH OF POPE URBAN II AT CLERMONT book Fulcher of Chartes: Pope Urban's Speech at Clermont. On No- vember 27, 1095,1 at the Council of Clermont, he delivered the address which led so many thousands to take the . The thus reports this part of Urban's speech: "Let those who have formerly been Lee "The speech of Pope Urban II at Clermont in the versions of the Gesta Francorum and Baldric of Dol" por Diana Beuster disponible en Rakuten Kobo. However, the crusades were not all victories for the papacy, the failures of the crusades ignited the decline of the papacy urban D Moore traces and re-interprets the significance of the architecture of the Christian Holy Land within changing religious and political contexts. you our exhortations are intended. The Christians held Jerusalem for 87 years until it was re-captured by Saladin. Four years after this speech, Jerusalem was captured by the Christians in a bloodbath that stunned the Muslim world; every inhabitant was killed. On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Eu. Although the conflict described in this book occurred more than eight hundred years ago, recent events remind the world that the intensity of belief, rhetoric, and action that gave birth to crusade, holy war, and jihad remains a powerful ... Share pope urban ii speech essay by the council of the french classes who, pope urban ii. There is a short summary about it at the beginning. The Christians held Jerusalem for 87 years until it was re-captured by Saladin. Pope Urban II and The Crusade Essay. without permission. On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in . none of your possessions retain you, nor solicitude for you, family affairs. dismembered by them and has been deprived of territory so vast in extent that it Urban II decided to use this request to achieve peace in Europe (the 'Peace of God') and to strengthen the papacy's position in its ongoing conflict with Western Europe's secular political leaders by . In this volume Adrian Boas draws together an impressive range of academics, including work from renowned scholars as well as a number of though-provoking pieces from emerging researchers, in order to provide broad coverage of the major ... at Clermont, 1095. the holy sepulcher of our Lord and Saviour, which is possessed by unclean 2, January, ] THE SPEECH OF POPE URBAN II. .�� @�ƈ����oJ�\�M?��g���5�s��XFsy�1�đ�����j�����f�z�����q|�>^�����XF�l��\�ي�3�L�&����7�7�f���{1����ܰ� �\Y��q�w�Y-��6���KΪ���|��lm�a0{��|M�r�5����hc߷���K-6���8���yz��2\����ߙ���#���2�A�.H~ L����5��~����!.̹s���!����p�.00���.�,��?F�8oB�%~��,���7mDּ���O o���{+�Ԥ�Q��׃4� ��+3b���5>~��kim�"'�i*AS�@��YCӽ�,I���� U�����_N�u뼒���l��
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pope urban ii speech at clermont pdf