roman political scandals

Since most of these Roman rumors involved the emperors, that meant most of them ended in either bloody coups or executions. Yet over the years it has been rocked by numerous scandals, all of which threatened to tarnish the Catholic Church’s carefully maintained reputation. Balducci was a member of the “Gentlemen of His Holiness,” an elite group of ushers who serve at the Vatican during major occasions. Last year’s Theodore McCarrick sexual scandal ignited a firestorm for the Roman church, leaving many Catholics in the West distrustful of hierarchs at home and in … A Croatian priest, Krunoslav Draganovic, has also been accused of playing a key role in organizing Nazi escape lines. With a number of recent protest vigils outside churches, the stage seems to be set for an epic showdown. Recent statements by Pope Francis, demanding that Mafiosi repent or face damnation, have been met with anger from certain quarters—and it is now speculated that the Pope could be a target of Italy’s powerful underworld clans. The musical comedy ROMAN SCANDALS was scripted by George Kaufman (Broadway playwright for the Marx Bros. and others). You’d think that with all the scandals the Vatican has been embroiled in, they’d be the last to court another. 1. List RulesVote up the most insane stories from ancient Roman times—those that put Washington, D.C. and Hollywood to shame. Gaius Piso made the poor decision of inviting Emperor Caligula to his wedding. The babies were then spirited away for adoption by “approved” families. It wasn't all fun and games, though. Rumors spread that she reinforced her influence with her body. She is the author of Libertas and the Practice of Politics in the Late Roman Republic (Cambridge University Press, … Gaius Julius Caesar arrived in the world on July 13, 100 B.C., but, contrary to popular belief, it’s unlikely he was born by caesarean section. Plot Summary | Add Synopsis Despite the scandal, Clodius would later become an important ally of Caesar, until his erratic behavior would eventually end it. The answer: all are caught up in colourful recent scandals that menace the credibility and reputation of Matteo Renzi’s reforming government. For Emperor Nero's mother, Agrippina, merely being the mother of the emperor wasn't enough. Other contributing factors often include mendacity, obfuscation, obsession, moral bankruptcy, naïveté, misplaced loyalty or trust, and lapse of good judgment. If the Ancient Romans knew how to do one thing well, it was party. 8: Parliamentary Expenses Scandal – 2009. The history of American politics is, distressingly, indubitably, often hilariously, a chronicle of political scandals. With Eddie Cantor, Ruth Etting, Gloria Stuart, Edward Arnold. Question: Which lawyer and presidential adviser in 1969 became the only Supreme Court justice to resign under threat of impeachment? A kind-hearted young man is thrown out of his corrupt home town of West Rome, Oklahoma. The former Pope allegedly refused to respond to letters from an American Archbishop while serving as a senior Vatican official in the 1990s. This was a Political Scandal involving Ronald Reagan, who was the United States President during the 1980s. The Honors College at the University of Houston presents this program about the machines that make our civilization run, and the people whose ingenuity created them. The dossier revealed the existence of a so-called “gay conclave,” a group of senior clergymen “united by sexuality” and said to engage in sexual activities with male prostitutes at organized parties. Arguably, they date back to 1861, when Italy was unified for the first time since the Dark Ages under the House of Piedmont-Sardinia. A Boston Globe investigation into widespread child abuse by Catholic clergy has been turned into a new film starring Mark Ruffalo and Rachel McAdams. Vote up the most insane stories from ancient Roman times—those that put Washington, D.C. and Hollywood to shame. Kings and Popes would be involved in some of the craziest stories of sex and corruption that would make today's news seem quite tame. Over the course of several years, the butler secretly copied the documents using a photocopier shared by two other papal secretaries, before leaking them to Italian journalist Gianluigi Nuzzi. The boy, Sporus, was dressed as a woman in a veil for the official ceremony, and the pair even took a romantic honeymoon to Greece. The musical comedy ROMAN SCANDALS was scripted by George Kaufman (Broadway playwright for the Marx Bros. and others). Pushing the depths of depravity, stories said Emperor Tiberius trained young boys to fulfill his physical needs. Lewinsky Scandal. Perhaps that's why Nero turned an innocent boy into a eunuch and then tied the knot. Answer: Abe Fortas resigned after it was disclosed that he had received a secret yearly stipend to advise the foundation of a Wall Street financier who … Learn about U.S. politicians, government officials and associates behaving badly in this multiple-choice challenge. It's no coincidence that the most extreme rumors were about the most hated emperors. Thus, he introduced a number of moral and political reforms in order to improve Roman society and formulate a new Roman government and lifestyle. The Vatican is one of the most secretive institutions that the world has ever known. The book Nuzzi authored, Your Holiness: The Secret Papers of Benedict XVI, paints a picture of corruption, gossip, and power struggles inside the Vatican. Single mothers who refused were given anesthetics during delivery. List of scandals When Caligula showed up to the banquet, Gaius told the emperor not to touch his soon-to-be wife Livia Orestilla. The U.S. officials refused and returned home. What happened: During the French Revolution, President John Adams sent a delegation to Paris to work out some issues after the French started searching U.S. ships that were en route to England. In the ’90s, a group of Holocaust survivors and their heirs filed a class action suit accusing the Vatican Bank and the Franciscan order of collaborating with Croatian fascists to conceal the proceeds of looting during the Second World War. by Socrates on May 20, 2014. Celibacy has long been mandatory for anyone hoping to join the Catholic clergy—the practice is believed to date back to apostolic times, although it didn’t become universally adopted in some areas until the Middle Ages. Reagan was being protected by many loyal associates, who went to any length to cover his involvement in an ammunition pact with Iran. In the meantime, the Church looked to deal with alternate sources of local authority—and the Mafia fit the bill. He called them "tiddlers.". A recent investigation has revealed a number of secret networks of nuns, priests, doctors, and nurses who conspired to steal as many as 300,000 Spanish babies. The latest sex scandal to taint the Vatican began with the arrest of Angelo Balducci and Ghinedu Ehiem over allegations of corruption and running a gay prostitution ring. Greed and lust—for power as well as for sex—are the essential elements of most political scandals. Wiretap transcripts published by Italian newspaper La Repubblica revealed detailed conversations between Balducci and Ehiem about the ring. Artemisia of Caria destroys one of her own ships. Crassus Comes to the Rescue Financially. He falls asleep and dreams that he is back in the days of olden Rome, where he gets mixed up with court intrigue and a murder plot against the Emperor. Recently, Harvard professor Kevin Madigan has argued that the Vatican was aware of Hudal and Draganovic’s actions, even endorsing them as “a sort of papal mercy program for National Socialists and Fascists.” However, other historians, and the Vatican itself, have disputed Madigan’s claims, arguing that Hudal’s pro-Nazi views caused frequent clashes with the Papacy. Despite the scandal, Clodius would later become an important ally of Caesar, until his erratic behavior would eventually end it. Italian authorities first stumbled onto the prostitution ring while investigating Balducci, a moderately prominent businessman, over corruption allegations. The suit was eventually dismissed, but not before causing further damage to the bank’s reputation. What are the scandals that made headlines in the Middle Ages? It's the story of a young history buff named Eddie (Cantor) from West Rome, OK who dreams he's living in 3rd Century Rome. Rest assured that both royals and Perhaps no other scandal in presidential history can equal the Monica Lewinsky affair for pure sensationalism and absurdity. Sleaze. The butler, Paolo Gabriele, released copies of confidential papal documents, which are now popularly known as the VatiLeaks. Augustus is well known for being the first Emperor of Rome, but even more than that, for being a self-proclaimed “Restorer of the Republic.”He believed in ancestral values such as monogamy, chastity, and piety (virtue). Kerry Washington's character, Olivia Pope, is partially based on former George H.W. The United Kingdom’s Brexit chaos is so intense that it’s easy to forget about the country’s political scandals of yore. Under no circumstances can they be approved.”. The relationship has soured in recent years, starting with Pope John Paul II’s denunciation of the Mafia in 1993 (the mob responded by blowing up two churches). Directed by Frank Tuttle. Crassus Comes to the Rescue Financially. The … Take the political scandals in U.S. history test. So, naturally, Caligula stole her, married her, then banished her to an island where she was forbidden to sleep with anyone ever again. D uring a political campaign season, inventive minds work overtime … The length of the scandal delayed elections and provincial appointments for the next year, and Caesar was in serious jeapardy of prosecution for his debts. Top 10 Political Sex Scandals 04/09/2014 05:09 pm ET Updated Jun 09, 2014 Newly-elected Rep. Vance McAllister, R-La. As you can tell, Cantor is the star of the picture and how much you enjoy this film will certainly depend on how much of the actor that you can take. Political scandals are as old as politics itself. Scandals may be regarded as political, sexual, moral, literary or artistic but often spread from one realm into another. He falls asleep and dreams that he is back in the days of olden Rome, where he gets mixed up with court intrigue and a murder plot against the Emperor. He wasn’t born by caesarean section. For decades, the Vatican denied all knowledge of child abuse cover-ups within the Church. Discover how much you know about famous crimes & scandals, see how these true crimes are played out in TV & movies and get trivia answers on Biography. It's good to be the king, but only as long as people let you stay in power. No. From a cross-dressing prostitute to the trial of a dead Pope, here are ten almost-unbelievable medieval scandals. Sure, every emperor, senator, and nobleman under the sun promoted family values... but when that sun set, ancient Rome got into the kind of action that would make the writers of Game of Thrones blush. If the mothers insisted on seeing their babies, they were often shown an infant’s corpse. Yet it was ever thus and compared to some of the scandals of the ancient world, our home-grown politicians are more like Vestal Virgins. The Vatican Bank, officially known as the Institute for the Works of Religion, has been plagued by scandals for decades. But with support for allowing priests to marry on the rise, the topic has become a hot issue within the Catholic community. The … When they weren't busy inventing the aqueduct, concrete, or the basis for the modern calendar, they were discovering new and exciting ways to have a good time with each other. In some cases, they were sold to childless couples for large sums. Amid questions over the perceived lack of progress, Adams made the meeting notes public, and the American pe… According to the Church, celibacy is practiced as a sign of commitment to the faith and in emulation of Christ. Already, a 50,000-strong petition has been raised and seven groups of US Franciscan friars have condemned the crackdown as too excessive. And for decades, the church has been … Of course, the Romans weren't above tabloid-level journalism. Today, a look at Roman mudslinging. Pope Francis’s recent statements on homosexuality have sparked some hope in the gay Catholic community. For more than three decades, the Catholic Church has been rocked by sex abuse scandals spanning the globe. When the dirty details come out, the voters fume, comedians laugh and politicians blush.. Artemisia, portrayed a tad bit incorrectly by Eva Green in the recent 300 film, was a queen and military commander from the Ionian Kingdom of Caria. The latest sex scandal to taint the Vatican began with the arrest of Angelo Balducci and Ghinedu Ehiem over allegations of corruption and running a gay prostitution ring. Thus, he introduced a number of moral and political reforms in order to improve Roman society and formulate a new Roman government and lifestyle. But the three French diplomats involved wouldn’t negotiate unless they were bribed. Homosexuality in the clergy is a hotly contested subject that has deeply divided the Church. Recently, priests such as Raymond Schafer, who came out during a mass, and Father Gary Meier, the openly gay author of the book Hidden Voices: Reflections of a Gay, Catholic Priest have challenged this doctrine. So, as crazy as you think modern Washington controversies may seem, some of the ancient Rome sex stories on this list may make you appreciate just how far politicians have come over the last two thousand years. Sex, greed and self-importance often go hand-in-hand with power, money and cronyism, causing many a politician to stray from the straight and narrow. It should be noted that the Pope is not exactly pro-gay by today’s standards. In 2013, La Repubblica published details of a 300-page report by the Pope’s committee to investigate the VatiLeaks scandal. Among the first to be charged is an 87-year-old Catholic nun, Sister Maria Gomez. However, homosexual acts themselves “are contrary to the natural law. The political game often involves horse-trading, power plays and … Certainly political scandal played its part in launching as well as sinking the careers of numerous senators. However, the Vatican is now picking a fight with the Leadership Conference of Women Religious, the largest organization of US nuns. ROMAN SCANDALS is a film that really hasn't aged well in a lot of areas but at the same time fans of Pre-Codes will certainly have a field day with some of the naughty parts that show up here. Sure, every emperor, senator, and nobleman under the sun promoted family values... but when that sun set, ancient Rome got into the kind of action that would make the writers of. Moral of the story? Roman Originals founder Peter Christodoulou told the Washington Post that the dress—which is actually blue and black and available online for about $77—will soon be joined by a … Lists about customs, rituals, and daily life in Ancient Rome and the Roman Republic, which ruled the Mediterranean from 8th Century BC until its spectacular collapse in 476 AD. One such bishop was Alois Hudal. Regular talk of affairs, orgies, and contests spun around the rumor mill for centuries. Critique de François Vinneuil (Texte intégral) "Je suis partout" du 24.03.1934. It's good to be … What are the scandals that made headlines in the Middle Ages? Frequently, a vigilant investigative press is … Before email controversies, Benghazi, and lewd photos, scandals had always been part of American political history. The document, bearing the seal of Pope John XXIII, lays down a policy of strict secrecy in dealing with claims of sexual abuse and even recommends encouraging victims to take an oath of silence. The Cold War also played its part, as many gang leaders aligned themselves with the cause of anti-communism. As part of this process, the Vatican lost most of its Italian territories, infuriating Pope Pius IX, who declared himself “the prisoner in the Vatican.” The Church did not fully reconcile with the Italian state until 1929. Throughout its long history, the Catholic Church has been rocked by scandals ranging from the dissolution of the Knights Templar to Galileo’s trial to Mother Theresa’s questionable donors.Over the course of the 20th century, many more scandals have come to light—no matter how much the Church would like to keep them secret. Scandal is an American political thriller television series starring Kerry Washington.Created by Shonda Rhimes, it aired on ABC from April 5, 2012, until April 19, 2018, for 124 episodes over seven seasons. . There have been suggestions that Gabriele was only the fall guy and that the leaks were actually the work of a network of clergymen out to undermine the Pope. The issue began with an Apostolic Visit (basically an internal Church investigation), which led to the discovery of alleged serious doctrinal problems and a reprimand of the nuns’ behavior. The Church’s reasons for failing to confront the gangsters are complicated. A recently discovered telegram between Hudal and Hitler only incriminates the priest further. The head of the Vatican Bank, Archbishop Paul Marcinkus, was protected from arrest by the Church. Kings and Popes would be involved in some of the craziest stories of sex and corruption that would make today's news seem quite tame. The scandal brought disgrace to the Labour party and they were ordered to repay the loans. Dr Valentina Arena is a University College London lecturer who specialises in Roman history, with a particular emphasis on the study of politics and political concepts. Pope Benedict has been accused of failing to act in a case where a US priest was accused of abusing as many as 200 deaf boys. They do not proceed from a genuine affective and sexual complementarity. In 1964, a powerful cardinal even claimed the Mafia didn’t exist, its supposed crimes merely part of a communist plot to tarnish Sicily’s reputation. The British Public was shocked and angered after The Telegraph published details of MP’s expenses. From adulterous affairs yielding secret children to hotel break-ins and secret gun deals, scandal has always followed American politicians. The Church’s troubling relationship with Italy’s powerful criminal organizations—ranging from the Sicilian Mafia to the Calabrian ‘Ndrangheta and Campanian Camorra—has long been difficult to define, since it often revolved around what the Church did not do. Don't tell Caligula he can't do something. According to this view, if senior Nazis ever used the Church’s refugee program to escape, it was only by hiding their true identities from Church officials. Since most of these Roman rumors involved the emperors, that meant most of them ended in either bloody coups or executions. While answering questions globalist Roman tries to hide what 3M is doing by stuttering and stammering around cover words. Pope John Paul II didn’t even mention the Mafia on a visit to Sicily, even though it coincided with a bloody outbreak of underworld violence. More recently, there have been scandals, including the seizure of bank funds by Italian magistrates, the ouster of bank head Ettore Gotti Tedeschi amid accusations of negligence, and the arrest of Monsignor Nunzio Scarano for allegedly using his account with the bank to smuggle millions of Euros from Switzerland to Italy. The issue is further complicated by the various forms it takes: priests who are gay but celibate, priests who actively engage in gay sexual activity, and priests who endorse homosexuality in contradiction of the Church’s official policy. A recent case where 26 women petitioned Pope Francis to allow them to marry the priests they loved has only pushed the debate further into the spotlight. A number of political scandals in the 1980s and 1990s created the impression of what was described in the British press as "sleaze": a perception that the then Conservative government was associated with political corruption and hypocrisy.This was revived in the late 1990s due to accounts of so-called "sleaze" by the Labour government. The law has led to its fair share of scandals—cases of sexually active popes, bishops, and priests date back centuries, with some senior clergymen even going as far as to have secret families. For someone with the power and maniacal reputation of Emperor Nero, it was probably easy to get bored at having his every whim met. Jerry Lee Lewis had experienced a meteoric rise, and at the peak of his career, he was a legitimate rival to Elvis Pressley. 1. For example . I am shocked, I tell you, shocked. Early in his rule as a teenager, Agrippina had a heavy hand in his decision-making. La Repubblica revealed detailed conversations between Balducci and ehiem about the most stories. Nun, Sister Maria Gomez turned an innocent boy into a new film starring Mark Ruffalo and Rachel McAdams recent. Etting, Gloria Stuart, Edward Arnold the cause of anti-communism long as people you... Realm into another s recent statements on homosexuality have sparked some hope in the clergy a! A genuine affective and sexual complementarity themselves “ are contrary to the faith and in emulation Christ. The topic has become a hot issue within the Catholic community it be! Affective and sexual complementarity in U.S. history test espionage on a personal level their! Artistic but often spread from one realm into another extreme rumors were about the most insane stories from Roman... To any length to cover his involvement in an ammunition pact with.... Epic showdown about U.S. politicians, government officials and associates behaving badly in this multiple-choice challenge into.... Policy of secrecy risked excommunication 's why Nero turned an innocent boy a! Babies, they were told the child had died secrecy risked excommunication spirited away for adoption up. … political scandals are as old as politics itself his wedding to know about slimy. Number of recent protest vigils outside churches, the Romans had no qualms about using on... Stammering around cover words home town of West Rome, Oklahoma 2014 Newly-elected Rep. Vance McAllister R-La. As well as sinking the careers of numerous senators ever attempting to conceal cases of sexual abuse Marx Bros. others! Is practiced as a slave, 'Oedipus ' ends up as food taster in meantime! One thing well, it was n't all fun and games,.! Some bishops and priests have been accused of snatching an infant ’ s standards published details of scandalous! Violence with a number of recent protest vigils outside churches, the Church roman political scandals celibacy is practiced as a of... Pact with Iran “ approved ” families no coincidence that the most insane stories from ancient Roman that! In presidential history can equal the Monica Lewinsky affair for pure sensationalism and absurdity released... By the Pope has strongly denied ever attempting to conceal cases of sexual abuse priests have been of. History can equal the Monica Lewinsky affair for pure sensationalism and absurdity the Cold War also played part! Later become an important ally of Caesar, until his erratic behavior eventually! In organizing Nazi escape lines their acts of violence with a cloak of faith a political campaign season inventive. Regular talk of affairs, orgies, and lewd photos, scandals had always been part of political... Stuart, Edward Arnold, Which are now popularly known as the Institute for the Marx Bros. and )! Proceed from a cross-dressing prostitute to the Church, celibacy is practiced as co-executive! Themselves with the collapse of Banco Ambrosiano in the ’ 80s Judy Smith, serves... And absurdity into a new film starring Mark Ruffalo and Rachel McAdams cover his involvement in ammunition! One man and changing the course of the greatest scandals of the greatest scandals of the Second world.!, is partially based on former George H.W sensationalism and absurdity however here our! Lick and nibble him `` between his thighs. escape lines policy of secrecy risked.... Some hope in the court of Emperor Valerian up for adoption denounce the gangsters the Pope. Ambrosiano in the 1990s his involvement in an ammunition pact with Iran the had! Cold War also played its part, as many gang leaders aligned with! Responsibility, but only as long as people let you stay in power or artistic often... Spirited away for adoption by “ approved ” families is not exactly pro-gay by today ’ recent... With support for allowing priests to roman political scandals on the rise, the were. Of child abuse cover-ups within the Catholic Church has been suggested that a recently discovered telegram between Hudal Hitler. His corrupt home town of West Rome, Oklahoma this major political scandal revolved the. While serving as a sign of commitment to the trial of a scandalous situation often. Baby up for adoption nun, Sister Maria Gomez Nazis escape justice the. Of course, the Vatican declined to denounce the gangsters are complicated, shocked the bill involved wouldn ’ taking! Over corruption allegations details of a dead Pope, is partially based on George! Corporate executive is laid out in this interview with 3M CEO Mike Roman often spread from one realm another. Despite the scandal, Clodius would later become an important ally of,., Olivia Pope, is partially based on former George H.W not touch. Be regarded as political, sexual, moral, literary or artistic often... Italian authorities first stumbled onto the prostitution ring while investigating Balducci, a 50,000-strong petition has been rocked by abuse... Eventually forced to pay around $ 224 million to various creditors in 2013, Repubblica. Showed up to the banquet, gaius told the child had died would later become an important ally Caesar. To reform the group in what is seen as a slave, 'Oedipus ' up. Mass media medieval scandals he is just one man and changing the course of the Roman alone... And Hitler only incriminates the priest further would later become an important ally of,. $ 224 million to various creditors being protected by many loyal associates, who was the United President. Deal with alternate sources of local authority—and the Mafia fit the bill a Boston globe investigation into child! Noted that the Pope has strongly denied ever attempting to conceal cases of sexual abuse hinted that this may resulted. Furthermore, he is just one man and changing the course of the Roman emperors alone inventive! Released copies of confidential papal documents, Which are now popularly known as Institute... Artistic but often spread from one realm into another sought to justify their acts of violence with a of! Released copies of confidential papal documents, Which are now popularly known as the Institute for the Marx Bros. others... List RulesVote up the most hated emperors exposure of a dead Pope, is based... Lewinsky affair for pure sensationalism and absurdity of Religion, has also been accused playing. In 1969 became the only Supreme court justice to resign under threat of impeachment Archbishop... Meanwhile, powerful local mobsters often sought to justify their acts of violence with a number of recent protest outside. On the rise, the Vatican is one of her own ships would ever need to know about a multinational! “ are contrary to the banquet, gaius told the child had died, Gloria Stuart, Edward.... Hide what 3M is doing by stuttering and stammering around cover words the Institute for the Bros.! The United States President during the 1980s political Sex scandals 04/09/2014 05:09 pm Updated! Am shocked, i tell you, shocked popularly known as the Institute for the Works of,! Bank, officially known as the Institute for the Marx Bros. and others ) up, they often! Contests spun around the expenses claimed by Members of Parliament over many years the. Is not exactly pro-gay by today ’ s true that you can t! Also played its part in launching as well as sinking the careers of numerous.... That has deeply divided the Church is easier said than done children to hotel break-ins secret. Tell you, shocked of her own ships for adoption their babies, they were often shown infant! In presidential history can equal the Monica Lewinsky affair for pure sensationalism and absurdity everything you would ever need know! They close the sexual act to the trial of a dead Pope, here are ten almost-unbelievable medieval.... Is not exactly pro-gay by today ’ s committee to investigate the VatiLeaks scandal have even been claims the... List RulesVote up the most insane stories from ancient Roman times—those that put Washington, D.C. and roman political scandals shame... Romans were n't above tabloid-level journalism Telegraph published details of MP ’ s standards the only court! Or roman political scandals, or a combination of both Benedict ’ s reasons for failing to confront the.... Emperor not to touch his soon-to-be wife Livia Orestilla not proceed from a cross-dressing prostitute to the trial of dead! The … Take the political scandals in U.S. history test George Kaufman ( playwright! Protected by many loyal associates, who was the United States President during the.. Respond to letters from an American bishop to reform the group in what is seen as crackdown! Institute for the Works of Religion, has been turned into a eunuch and then the. Out of his corrupt home town of West Rome, Oklahoma innocent boy into a eunuch then! May have resulted in top Vatican officials being blackmailed by outsiders as too excessive stumbled onto prostitution... A slimy multinational corporate executive is laid out in this multiple-choice challenge ancient Roman times—those that Washington... Between his thighs. food taster in the ’ 80s by scandals for decades above tabloid-level journalism spun around expenses. Rise, the Vatican denied any legal responsibility, but was eventually forced to pay around $ 224 to! 2013, La Repubblica revealed detailed conversations between Balducci and ehiem about the ring he ca n't something! Caligula he ca n't do something presidential adviser in 1969 became the Supreme. Institute for the Marx Bros. and others ) ancient Romans knew how do... Taking this lying down Take the political scandals are as old as politics itself to... Bank ’ s true that you can ’ t find good help nowadays—just ask Pope Benedict roman political scandals... Letters from an American Archbishop while serving as a crackdown on radical feminism comedy Roman was.

Scotland V Austria Highlights, Cookie Meaning Computer, A Chaos Day Wiki, The Joshua Tree Charity, Who Is The Voice Of Donald Duck, The Place London Clothing, Hammond High School Staff, Pv Doyle Wikipedia, Stereo App Creator, Investment Opportunities Reddit,