xylitol toxicity calculator

Xylitol is a sweetener that is highly toxic to dogs. Be sure to review the information we listed above, so you can keep your dog safe from xylitol exposure in the future! It’s Toxic to Dogs. Xylitol Side Effects. Xylitol is used in a variety of food and non-food products, including sugar-free foods, especially gum and candy,  It is also found in toothpaste, oral hygiene products, medications, medication bases, vitamins, supplements, cosmetics, deodorant, skin gels, sunscreen, and hair care products. From developing new therapies that treat and prevent disease to helping people in need, we are committed to improving health and well-being around the world. As we humans try and trick ourselves that we are eating healthy by avoiding products that contain sugar and sourcing those that contain the sweetener called Xylitol. Xylitol is extremely dangerous for dogs. Behavior. Dosages of xylitol over ~75–100 mg/kg (34–45 mg/lb) have been associated with hypoglycemia in dogs. Depending on the timing of ingestion and any current symptoms, your veterinarian may induce vomiting. Treatment of coagulopathy or other manifestations of liver insufficiency should be performed as needed. Oshinsky RJ et al; J Nutr 107 (5): 792-804 (1977) Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB) The absorption of (14)C -labelled oxalic acid was studied in Wistar rats, CD-1 mice and NMRI mice. Blood glucose should be monitored every 1–2 hr for at least 12 hr, while liver values should be evaluated every 24 hr for at least 72 hr. Dosages of xylitol over ~75–100 mg/kg (34–45 mg/lb) have been associated with hypoglycemia in dogs. Wismer said some manufacturers consider the level of xylitol in their products to be proprietary information and refuse to disclose it. Clinical signs of liver injury include depression, vomiting, icterus, and coagulopathy; other findings include hyperbilirubinemia, thrombocytopenia, and hyperphosphatemia. verify here. Treatment for Xylitol Toxicity. Xylitol is a common sweetener that is used in sugar-free foods. Insulin is a hormone released by the pancreas to control blood sugar. What to do if your dog eats some. All Rights Reserved. Prevention of Xylitol Toxicity in Dogs. Even small doses of xylitol can quickly become fatal to your pup if left untreated . Some dogs ingesting xylitol at dosages >500 mg/kg (227 mg/lb) may develop severe hepatic insufficiency or failure, the mechanism of which is unknown. Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA is a global healthcare leader working to help the world be well. In most mammals, xylitol has no significant effect on insulin levels, but in dogs, xylitol stimulates a rapid, dose-dependent insulin release that can result in profound hypoglycemia. The primary toxic principles in chocolate are the methylxanthines theobromine (3,7-dimethylxanthine) and caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine). Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and history of exposure. There have even been anecdotal reports of sensitivity in cats and ferrets, although there is no published data on these species. A dog consuming more than 0.5g/kg of xylitol is at risk of liver failure and should receive immediate veterinary attention 3. Xylitol causes significant insulin secretion in dogs, resulting in hypoglycemia. Sugar Alcohols are Anything But Natural . We do not control or have responsibility for the content of any third-party site. Unfortunately, while safe for us, xylitol is incredibly toxic to dogs. Applying a Muzzle to an Aggressive Dog. Xylitol is a serious toxicity which is becoming more prevalent due to the widespread use of xylitol-containing human products due to its potential health benefits in humans and many uses. Xylitol usually has minimal effects on blood sugar, but does have a slightly larger effect than erythritol sweetener would. These dosages have been considered toxic and can cause liver failure or even death in dogs. Mild increases in liver enzyme usually resolve within a few days. Xylitol toxicity seems to be dose-dependent. Xylitol is rapidly absorbed following ingestion. Vomiting and seizures can also occur, as well as weakness and collapse. Amber LaRock. Treatment of Chocolate Toxicity. Xylitol is highly toxic to dogs, leading to hypoglycemia and liver failure. Unlike erythritol, xylitol does not get absorbed in the small intestine. Xylitol is a potentially fatal threat to dogs and the risk of exposure seems to increase daily. It is not required that xylitol be listed in any particular order on the labels of medications and supplements, so appearing low on the list of ingredients doesn't necessarily mean that there is not a toxic amount in the product. Xylitol can be an ingredient in peanut butter and other products that dog parents lovingly offer as treats. Best Answer The toxic dose of xylitol is 0.1g per 1 kg – and a stick of chewing gum can contain 0.3-0.4g of xylitol ”. Hyperphosphatemia is considered a poor prognostic indicator, because it was present in 4 of 5 dogs that died of liver failure after xylitol ingestion (phosphorus was not measured in the fifth dog). The signs of xylitol toxicity in dogs; The action to take; Prevention; At the beginning of the century, only a few cases of xylitol toxicity in pets had been reported. Signs of xylitol toxicity can occur within 10 to 15 minutes of a pet eating xylitol but may be delayed for several hours. Xylitol-gum quantites are calculated based on a concentration of 1 gram of xylitol per piece of gum, and a xylitol dose of 0.5g/kg resulting in liver failure. The liver injury can lead to blood clotting disorders, anemia and neurologic symptoms.. Signs of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) generally occur within 30-60 minutes of ingestion and may include: Signs of liver injury may occur 12-72 hours after exposure and may include:. It’s easy enough to determine the weight of an affected dog, but knowing how much xylitol the dog ate is another matter. 2–4 There is also evidence, both clinical and experimental, that xylitol can cause hepatic damage. In the case of gum and candies, content can also vary in different flavors of the same brand. Xylitol Toxicity is becoming more and more of a concern for our companion pets. With xylitol poisoning, it is imperative to calculate whether a toxic dose has been ingested. Applying Eye Drops with Low Stress Handling . The higher the dose ingested, the more the risk of liver failure. Although the concentration of theobromine in chocolate is 3–10 times that of caffeine, both constituents contribute to the clinical syndrome seen in chocolate toxicosis. Do you really want to try and calculate your dog’s weight vs how much xylitol you believe he or she may have eaten? Signs of hypoglycemia can develop within 30 min of ingestion or may be delayed up to 12–18 hr if the xylitol is in a substrate that slows its absorption (eg, some gum products). Elevations in liver enzyme values, low blood glucose, potassium and phosphorus may be detected on a Chemistry Panel. An additive in dental care products, baked goods, nicotine gum, vitamins and more, xylitol is extremely toxic to dogs with symptoms ranging from lethargy to hypoglycemia. Yet, her blood sugar was already dangerously low and probably still dropping! If hypoglycemia develops, it should be managed with dextrose IV boluses and/or constant-rate infusions. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: Even small doses of xylitol induce an exaggerated insulin release that is 3-7 times that caused by equal amounts of dextrose. Matilda ate a few pieces of gum and received immediate treatment. PriorityVet is an after-hours veterinary facility that provides urgent care services for your pet during a time when your regular veterinarian may be unavailable.PriorityVet serves the Shore Area with a centrally-located, after-hours hospital that has proven to be a convenient and time-saving alternative for urgent after-hours pet care. Majority of dogs are sent home on liver protectants for weeks, while rechecking liver enzymes frequently, to be on the safe side. Time is of the essence! Website Design, SEO and Internet Marketing by Creative Click Media. at three doses (100, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg body weight). Please set up a consult with us, call ASPCA Pet Poison Control, or try the online chocolate toxicity calculator to determine if your pet is at risk for severe illness. Because toxicity can be expected up to 72 hours after xylitol ingestion, liver values in dogs should be checked up to 3 days or longer if elevated or increasing at any point. The Value of an Established Relationship with a Primary Care Veterinarian and Regular Routine Care…….from the Urgent Care Perspective, Keep Your Pet Safe and Stress Free During the Halloween Season, After-Hours Urgent Pet Care – An alternative to 24-Hour Emergency Animal Hospitals, COVID-19… Precautions When Visiting PriorityVet. I am a dedicated animal lover that turned my passion into my career. gum, candy) can be challenging to pet owners and veterinarians. Higher doses (> 0.5 g/kg) of xylitol have been associated with acute hepatic necrosis. The only way to prevent xylitol toxicity is by public education about these products and the associated risks with their ingestion in dogs and preventing exposure. Xylitol is popular as an alternative sweetener to sucrose (table sugar) because it has the same level of sweetness and 40% fewer calories. This results in hypoglycemia (life threatening low blood sugar). The link you have selected will take you to a third-party website. Because of the potential for rapid onset of clinical signs of hypoglycemia, emesis should ideally be attempted only under veterinary supervision and in asymptomatic animals. This results in hypoglycemia (life threatening low blood sugar). Line of Treatment: Since xylitol absorption has happened, the doctor will perform supportive care like: Giving IV Fluids; Giving Liver Protecting Agents; Administer Dextrose; Constant monitoring of blood sugar and liver function. The dog will need hospitalization for at least a … In 192 cases of xylitol poisoning, 0.32g/kg was the average amount of xylitol consumed 2. Particularly when we know that xylitol toxicity does have the potential to be toxic in dogs? However, when your dog consumes it, it has detrimental results. The two major consequences of xylitol ingestion, says Dr Mudie, are severe hypoglycaemia (low blood sugar), and liver necrosis (death of liver tissue). Copyright © 2019 Priority Vet. The prognosis for uncomplicated hypoglycemia is good, if prompt treatment is obtained. All Rights Reserved. These days, animal poison control centers receive thousands of calls across North America about accidental xylitol poisoning in pets, with many more going unreported. It’s regularly found in sugar-free chewing gum, toothpaste, mouthwash, vitamin supplements, a small handful of peanut butter brands, and other 'low sugar' or sugar-free products. When humans eat something containing Xylitol, it does not affect their insulin. Avoid buying products that contain the toxic sugar substitute Xylitol or keep them out of reach of dogs. No test is available to detect xylitol, so diagnosis is based on a history of exposure, consistent clinical signs, and bloodwork results. Adopting a Shelter Dog. It serves as a resource for Fellow and Members of the American College of Veterinary Pharmacists to share with their clients and community. Xylitol is classified as a five-carbon sugar alcohol which has many uses. , DVM, PhD, DABVT, DABT, University of Illinois. Zinc Poisoning in Dogs and Cats. The main possible side effect of xylitol is stomach upset. Remember, time is of the essence and your pet may need immediate help! Approximately 75% of the liver needs to be injured or damaged before an elevation in values or change in function is expected. Side Effects and Dosage. Liver injury (including acute liver failure) sometimes occurs in dogs with ingestion of large amounts of xylitol; the mechanism for this injury is poorly understood. Dogs that develop bleeding or neurologic abnormalities have a generally poor prognosis. Dogs known or suspected to have ingested a Xylitol containing product must have emergency medical treatment immediately. Dogs that develop liver toxicosis have a more uncertain prognosis and require aggressive treatment. My name is Amber. Dogs are the only species in which xylitol toxicosis has been reported. lethargy, incoordination, restlessness and collapse. Please confirm that you are a health care professional. Even small doses of xylitol induce an exaggerated insulin release that is 3-7 times that caused by equal amounts of dextrose. In order to understand Xylitol toxicity, we first need to know how insulin works in the body. Bite … Ingestion of xylitol or xylitol-containing products by dogs has resulted in development of hypoglycemia and, less commonly, hepatic injury and/or failure. The acronym SLUD stands for salivation, lacrimation, urination, and defecation, which are the clinical signs associated with muscarinic cholinergic overstimulation caused by certain toxins. According to Wismer, the toxic dose of xylitol for dogs is 75-100 mg/kg. 226 Route 37 West, Suite 14 Xylitol Toxicity Calculations • Common standard xylitol amount calculations –Use CAUTIOUSLY –0.3g/piece if xylitol is not the first sugar alcohol –1g/piece if xylitol is the first sugar alcohol • Why doesn’t a standard calculation for gum work? The dose of xylitol that can cause hypoglycemia in the dog has been reported between 50 milligrams (mg) of xylitol per pound of body weight (100 mg per kg). This sometimes fatal toxicosis has unfortunately become all too common with the advent of trendy gums, such as Ice Cubes, Orbit and some Trident products, which contain large amounts of the toxic sweetener. However, it takes only a tiny amount to cause medical problems, including fatalities, that any ingestion is a medical emergency. In most mammals, xylitol has no significant effect on insulin levels, but in dogs, xylitol stimulates a rapid, dose-dependent insulin release that can result in profound hypoglycemia. The trusted provider of veterinary information since 1955, Insecticides, Acaricides, and Molluscicides. When diluted properly they are non-toxic, but ingestion of the concentrated solution may be. Hypoglycemia may persist as long as 24 hr or more, so treatment should be continued until the dog can maintain a normal blood glucose level without supplemental dextrose. Signs of liver injury may not occur until ≥24-48 hr after ingestion of xylitol, although increases in liver enzymes are often detectable within 8–12 hr of ingestion. 3–5 The degree of xylitol toxicosis is dose dependent. Other diagnostics, therapeutic and supportive measures are instituted on a case by case basis. Rabbits, cows, baboons and horses have also demonstrated sensitivity, although to a lesser extent. Signs of SLUD are most consistent with exposure to which of the following classes of chemicals? This, combined with the typical uncertainty and variability of the amount of product ingested, usually necessitates that the pet owner contact the poison control center, in addition to visiting their veterinarian. Brutlag, Ahna. Behavior Supplements in Dogs and Cats. PMID:870650. (*Note that the amount of xylitol in gum is highly variable, and not always noted on the packaging. Xylitol is rapidly absorbed following ingestion. Other causes of hypoglycemia include hypoglycemic drugs, juvenile hypoglycemia, hunting dog hypoglycemia, insulinoma, and parenteral insulin overdose. In dogs, doses > 0.1 g/kg are considered toxic and result in profound, sudden problems. The results suggest that oxalate production from xylitol is negligible; any toxicity related to xylitol administration is not a consequence of oxalate production. The most common side effect of xylitol toxicity is hypoglycemia. 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