sumatra, indonesia tsunami 2004

The displacement of rock surrounding the inter-plate thrust is shown in cross section for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. The first 3 hours of tsunami propagation are shown. During the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami was the first time that satellites collected transects of sea-height data using radar altimetry that clearly showed a tsunami signal during its propagation across the Indian Ocean. Base map of the Sumatra subduction zone showing seismicity associated with the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake.Figure based on info from the USGS Earthquake Hazards Program. Results from different tsunami forecasting and hazard assessment models are compared with observed tsunami wave heights from the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. of the wave, only the arrival times, On 26 December 2004, a magnitude 9.1 earthquake (3.316 N, 95.854 E, depth 30 km) occurred off the coast of northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Lighter colors represent higher open-ocean tsunami amplitudes. This animation shows a model of vertical seafloor displacement caused by the December 26, 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake. NOAA Center for Tsunami Research: 2004 Event, 2004 Event Page: Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Geophysics, Surviving a Tsunami: Lessons from Aceh and Southern Java, Indoniesia, Tectonics of Sumatra-Andaman Islands (USGS). A wave set is a wave and some key waves that precede it: P,S: the original, first, direct waves. The Indian Ocean tsunami traveled as far as 3,000 miles to Africa and still arrived with sufficient … Schematic diagram of tsunami generation from an inter-plate thrust fault. Because the 2005 tsunami was primarily generated in shallow water, as the wave travels into the deep ocean, it lengthens and decreases in amplitude (the reverse of shoaling amplification). Now we can add water onto the simulation above to see how the tsunami waves move away from earthquake source region. Sumatra, Indonesia Earthquake and Tsunami, 26 December 2004. Animations of both the 2004 and 2005 events show how these factors combine to produce very different tsunamis. A more complete analysis of the focal mechanicsm by Tsai et al. Animation: Simulated view of the tsunami waves looking southeast. Because the oceanic trench of subduction zones marks the orientation of inter-plate thrust, the tsunami beaming azimuth is also perpendicular to the orientation of the trench. Shown below is an animation of both the northward propagation of the rupture front and an exaggeration of the vertical movement of the seafloor. One, the distant tsunami, propagates outbound across the Bay of Bengal towards India and Sri Lanka, eventually reaching the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The magnitude 9.1 quake ruptured a 900-mile stretch of fault line where the Indian and Australian tectonic plates meet. A magnitude of M=9.1 seems to be most appropriate for tsunami studies as ascertained from analysis of seismograms and geodetic data (Banerjee et al., 2007; Chlieh et al., 2007). The 2005 northern Sumatra earthquake and, to some extent, the 2007 southern Sumatra earthquake (M=8.4) are deficient in terms of the local tsunamis produced. Because it takes approximately 8 minutes for the entire fault to break, tsunami waves generated near the epicenter have propagated part way into the Bay of Bengal by the time the earthquake has just started to generate more tsunami waves near the Andaman Islands. The green arc represents one of many tsunami refelctions from coastlines and submerged bathymetric features that are also detected and measured by satellite radar altimetry. major strike slip faults in the overriding plate of the subduction zone. Five minutes later, the Topex-Poseidon satellite (a tandem mission with Jason-1) collected intermittant sea-height data of the tsunami. $34.4 million for Largest offshore tsunami amplitudes are in the Banda Aceh region of northern Sumatra. The high amplitude double peak south of the Equator is primarily the two direct arrivals from the source region (d1 and d2), although reflections from the ninety-east ridge (r1-90e), may also cross the trackline at about the same location as the d2 phase. Some locations reported that the waves had reached a height of 30 … Over the next seven hours, a tsunami—a series of immense ocean waves—triggered by the quake reached out across the Indian Ocean, devastating coastal areas as far away as East Africa. When nearly all of an earthquake's energy is released in a thrust motion, as in the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, a large tsunami is generated. The size of 2004 Indian Ocean local tsunami is consistent with the size of local tsunamis generated by other earthquakes of similar magnitude, for example the 1964 Great Alaska earthquake and tsunami. Animation: Tsunami waves, view to the northwest. On Dec. 26, 2004, the world's most powerful earthquake in more than 40 years struck deep under the Indian Ocean off the west coast of Sumatra. A stochastic slip model can be used to represent many different rupture patterns that are consistent with the frequency content observed on seismograms. Tsunami beaming refers to the higher tsunami amplitudes in a direction perpendicular to fault orientation during open-ocean propagation. PKIKP: adding mantle → outer core → inner core → outer core → mantle. Animation: Vertical movement of the seafloor over the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, view to the northwest, water removed. An example of oblique faulting, as in (a), occurs in the northern Puerto Rico subduction zone. Phases d1, d2, and d3 are direct tsunami wave arrivals from source regions located from south to north where fault slip occured along the Sumatra-Andaman subduction zone. Not only from the movies, in the real life, animals … In contrast, the 2006 Java earthquake produced a larger than expected tsunami and is among a class of earthquakes called tsunami earthquakes. However, this was a very long rupture extending from the epicenter northward to the Andaman Islands, as indicated by the analysis of seismic array data. Largest offshore tsunami amplitudes are along the coastlines of Nias and Simeulue Islands offshore northern Sumatra. General diagram of an oceanic subduction zone. In the figure below, we show the difference between the initial tsunamis generated from the December 2004 (top) and March 2005 (bottom) caused by differences in earthquake magnitude as well as how close to the trench the fault ruptured. View to the north. The seafloor is colored red where it moves upward and colored blue where it moves downward. These waves then cross the Andaman Sea toward Thailand. Immediately after the tsunami struck, the Australian Government activated its emergency response mechanisms and committed an initial $60 million in the first week for humanitarian assistance. Map of computed vertical seafloor displacement that best fits the Jason-1 satellite altimetry data. Benchmarks: December 26, 2004: Indian Ocean tsunami strikes Nazaruddin Musa, 42, from Darussalam, Banda Aceh Nazaruddin Musa survived by climbing atop a two-storey building. Lighter colors represent higher open-ocean tsunami amplitudes. The arrows are vectors representing the direction and amount of displacement for different points near the fault. Sea height transect from Jason-1 with specific tsunami phases labeled. Tsunami wavefield for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake 1 hour after generation, view to the north, Tsunami wavefield for the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake 1 hour after generation, view to the east. A large tsunami triggered by the earthquake spread outward from off the Sumatran coast. Possible source regions linked to phases d1 and d2 (double peak on satellite altimetry) are labeled. Figure from the online edition of This Dynamic Earth. Blue arc represents the modeled wavefront (direct arrival) of the outbound tsunami from seafloor displacement caused by the earthquake. Islands that straddle the regions of upward and downward movement tilt about the hingeline as shown below. This is discussed in our comparison of the tsunamis generated by the 2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake and the March 28, 2005 northern Sumatra earthquake. The seafloor is colored red where the seafloor moves upward and colored blue where it moves downward. 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