geology dictionary myanmar

2015). Bannert 1980). Myanmar has sizeable nickel-chromite ± PGE deposits associated with three north–south-trending ophiolitic belts of Jurassic to Cretaceous–Eocene age: the Western Ophiolitic belt (WOB); the Central Ophiolitic belt (COB); and the Eastern Ophiolitic belt (EOB) (Hla Htay et al. In Myanmar, this project was joined by Myanmar geologists from MOGE and the universities (GIAC 1999). Quartz veins with gold mineralization are widespread in the Wuntho volcanic-plutonic region and on the western margins of the Shan Plateau in the Slate Belt and the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB). Between 1959 and 1977 the Burma Geological Survey Department and the Mineral Development Corporation were assisted by the Colombo Plan, the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and Yugoslavia, supporting expatriate geologists working in Myanmar. [2] These tectonic zones are responsible for large earthquakes in the region. Mining became fully operational in 1986 and pure metallic copper has been extracted since 2000. Environmental degradation and social impacts have increased in recent years due to the application of unregulated methods in mining and processing to increase productivity. In 1956 and 1957 Dr Tha Hla was joined by his first batch of students, notably Dr Nyi Nyi and U Ba Than Haq on their return from further studies in Britain, and U Saw Clarence Thacpaw on his return from studies in the USA. Salin Basin, Chindwin Basin and Hukawng Basin over 1000 km. The occurrence of petroleum in Myanmar was first reported in 1759 by Captain G. Baker, and later in 1800 by Major M. Symes, in 1825 by Captain H. Cox and in 1929 by John Crawford (Chhibber 1934b; Nyi Nyi 1964; Khin Maung Gyi 1973). However, not all instrumentally recorded earthquakes produce significant effects such as the destruction of buildings or other infrastructure or deaths in the population. September 2015, Department of Geological Survey and Mineral Exploration (DGSME), Ministry of Mines, Republic of the Union of Myanmar, in collaboration with the Myanmar Geosciences Society (MGS). Crawford travelled up the Irrawaddy by paddle steamer. [9] The mountain belt comprises various mountains: the Arakan-Yoma mountains and the Chin, Naga, Maniour, Lushai and Patkai hills. Chromite mineralization occurs as pods and disseminations in serpentinized dunite and peridotite. The MRDC offered scholarships to outstanding students of geology at the University of Rangoon, with the possibility of employment in the Corporation on graduation. Hurukawa & Maung Maung (2011) relocated six historical earthquakes of Mw ≥ 7.0 which had occurred since 1918 along the Sagaing Fault. In the first year, the department was guided by U Ko Lay, the College Principal, assisted by U Thein Maung, the Head of the Geography Department and by Professor Dr Tha Hla of Rangoon University. In joint ventures with international oil companies, MOGE has recently identified extensive gas reserves in the Myanmar offshore areas (e.g. In 1599 an English traveller, Ralph Fitch, reported that there were great stores of tin in Tenasserim, which supplied the whole of India. [7] This arc-shaped structure implies restriction on the convergent motion along the Indian-Burma boundary, therefore the collision intensity varies along the range. Audley-Charles(1988) suggested that this block, together with other crustal blocks, separated from the northern margin of Gondwana in the region of north Australia during the Jurassic, and collided with eastern Myanmar in the Cretaceous. [26], In the mid-late Triassic, the Shan-Thai block collided with the Indo-China block, and under-thrusted an ophiolite and associated arc system in the northeast. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Pyidaungsu Thammada Myanmar NaingNganDaw), formerly Burma, occupies the northwestern part of the Southeast Asian peninsula. Placer deposits are well known in the Central Myanmar Belt in the Chindwin, Upper Ayeyarwaddy (Irrawaddy) and Sittaung valleys, the Wuntho volcanic-plutonic region and in Quaternary gravels of the Momeik-Bamaw tract. 1 Mining Enterprise of the previous Ministry of Mines. Although Myanmar is located within the Monsoon Belt of Asia, the climate is influenced locally by geographical position and topography. Myanmar is physiographically divided into three regions: the Indo-Burman Range, Myanmar Central Belt and the Shan Plateau;[4] these all display an arcuate shape bulging westwards. The company intended to develop both underground and open-cast mechanized mining and the washing of placer deposits throughout the Mogok Stone Tract. [5] The following outlines the nine major ones: The hydrocarbon basins in Myanmar are mostly situated in the Central Myanmar Belt, e.g. 37 Full PDFs related to this paper. Particularly noteworthy are reports on the Northern Shan States by La Touche (1913), the Mergui District by Rau (1930), the Southern Shan State by Brown & Sondhi (1933), the Kayah State by Hobson (1941), parts of the Minbu, Myingyan, Pakokku and Lower Chindwin districts by Cotter (1938), the Cretaceous and associated rocks of Myanmar by Clegg (1941) and the Mogok Stone Tract by Iyer (1953). Successful methods for the exploitation of these deposits, in contrast to the rich ores of lode type, were only developed at the beginning of the twentieth century. The huge tsunami generated by the December 2004 earthquake, with an epicentre off the coast of Sumatra, caused considerable destruction and loss of life in eight countries around the Indian Ocean. Thabeikkyin-Kwinthonze area). The ore deposit fortunately contains the minerals chalcocite and covellite, which are soluble in acid and amenable to solution with the electrolytic extraction (SX-EW) of pure copper. Later, thrusting, folding and uplifting formed the Indo-Burman Ranges. [5], Myanmar is classified into three physiographical regions, each region spans over Myanmar in near NS direction, from west to east is: the Indo-Burman folded mountain ranges, the Myanmar Central Belt (MCB) and the Shan Plateau. Molnar & Tapponnier (1975) proposed that the collision of the Indian continental crust with the southern margin of Eurasia since Cretaceous (Baxter et al. [15] It provides the major topographic relief in Myanmar and it extends towards the southeast to Thailand. To the west, a highly oblique subduction zone separates the offshore Indian plate from the Burma microplate, which underlies most of the country. The feasibility studies was completed in 2014 by a joint venture of Jinshan (Hong Kong) International Mining Company (100% subsidiary of Zijin Mining Group), China North Industries Corporation and Myanmar Government. Dictionary of Geological Terms - Only $19.99 All scientific disciplines have an essential vocabulary that students and professionals must understand to learn and communicate effectively. 1.2). (2016) has confirmed the resemblance to that of Sumatra. It includes the study of organisms that have inhabited our planet. 1983; Stephenson et al. These tectonic processes associated with semi-continuous sedimentation, magmatic and metamorphic events have made the Myanmar Region highly prospective for metalliferous ores and gem deposits (Khin Zaw 2017). An important part of geology is the study of how Earth’s materials, structures, processes and organisms have changed over time. The geology of Myanmar is shaped by dramatic, ongoing tectonic processes controlled by shifting tectonic components as the Indian plate slides northwards and towards Southeast Asia. (2016) suggest that it was the Gondwanide Orogen in SE Australia. 2015; Kyaw Thu & Khin Zaw 2017; Thet Tin Nyunt et al. The Sagaing Fault is a major continental-scale right-lateral transcurrent fault, which has a potential for geohazards and fatal earthquakes in Myanmar, and played an important role in the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the whole of Southeast Asia (Myint Thein 2017; Soe Thura Tun & Watkinson 2017). In northern Thailand the site of the collision between Sibumasu and the Sukhothai Arc and Indochina is recognized as the Inthanon Zone (Barr & Macdonald 1991; Ueno 1999), where the intervening Palaeotethyan oceanic crust and associated sedimentary units were thrust over sediments of the Sibumasu continental margin (Barber et al. Overseas Division, Institute of Geological Sciences Report 22, The geology of the area around Neyaunggga and Ye-ngan, Southern Shan State, Burma, Overseas Memoirs of the Institute of Geological Sciences, Final Report on the Tectonics of Myanmar, Geodynamics of India-Asia Collision Scientific Party, A Joint Project of Scientific Co-operation between Total Myanmar Exploration and Production (TMEP), Unocal, Universities of Myanmar and Thailand, Myanmar Oil and Gas Enterprise (MOGE) and Ecole Normale Superieure (ENS), The metallogenic provinces of Burma: their definitions, geologic relationships and extension into China, India and Thailand, Proceedings of 3rd Regional Conference, Southeast Asia, Government of the Republic of the Union of Myanmar, Myanmar Post-Disaster Needs Assessment of Floods and Landslides, July–September 2015, Supported and facilitated by the European Union, Japan International Cooperation Agency, Geophysical Surveys for Copper Deposits in the Monya Area, Central Burma, Institute of Geological Sciences, Geophysical Division Report 13, The Geology of Burma: An Annotated Bibliography of Burma’s Geology, Geography and Earth Science, The mafic–ultramafic (ophiolitic) rocks of Myanmar, A geological survey in parts of Kareni and Southern Shan States, Two seismic gaps on the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar, derived from relocation of historical earthquakes since 1918, The geology and gem-stones of the Mogok Stone Tract, Burma, Final Report of UNESCO Expert in Gemmology, Geology Department, Arts and Science University, Mineralogical and petrological studies of the rocks of Twinnge-Ye Nya Oo area, Thabbeikkyin Townships, Mandalay Division, Fluid inclusion of studies on the Hermyingyi tungsten-tin deposit southern Burma, Proceedings 3rd Regional Conference on Geology and Mineral Resources of Southeast Asia, Geology and geothermometry of vein-type W–Sn deposits, Tavoy Township, Tennasserim Division, Southern Burma, Origin of sedimentary rock-hosted gold deposit at Kyaukpahto, Kawlin-Wuntho District, Northern Myanmar, Proceedings of PACRIM Congress 2008, Australian Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, Tectonic evolution of Myanmar: progress and problems, Paper presented at the AAPG/EAGE/MGS Conference: Innovation in Geoscience: Unlocking the Complex Geology of Myanmar, Mineral deposits in Myanmar: their exploration potentials and sustainable development, Australia-Myanmar Institute (AMI) Conference: Myanmar & The Sustainable Development Goals: Informed by the Past, Looking to the Future, Arts Hall, Yangon University, Yangon, Myanmar, Mineral deposits projects in Myanmar: exploration potentials and sustainable development, Paper presented at the 3rd Myanmar Mining Summit, Overview of mineralization styles and tectonicmetallogenic setting in Myanmar, A note on a fluid inclusion study of tin–tungsten mineralization at Mawchi Mine, Kayah State, Burma, The oldest anthropoid in Southeast Asia: evidence from LA-ICP-MS U–Pb zircon age in the Late Middle Eocene Pondaung Formation, Myanmar, Vanadium-rich ruby and sapphire within Mogok Gemfield, Myanmar: implications for gem color and genesis, The igneous rocks of the Mogok Stone Tract: their distribution, petrography, petrochemistry, sequence, geochronology and economic geology, Geological and tectonic evolution of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges (IMR) in the Myanmar region, Arakan Coastal Ranges in western Myanmar, geology and provenance of Neogene siliciclastic sequences: implications for the tectonic evolution of the Himalaya–Bengal System, An outline of the geology of the oil-bearing regions of the Chindwin-Irrawaddy valley of Burma and Assam-Arakan, Proceedings of the World Petroleum Congress, Geological appearances and general features of portions of the Malayan Peninsula and the countries lying between it and 18° North Latitude, Asiatic Research, 18, 128–162, and Journal of the Asiatic Society, Bengal, A synthesis of Myanmar petroleum geology and potential, Oil and gas potential of Myanmar and sustainable development, Paper presented at the Australia–Myanmar Institute (AMI) Conference: ‘Myanmar & The Sustainable Development Goals: Informed by the Past, Looking to the Future’, Base metal concentrations in kaolinised and silicified lavas of the Central Burma volcanics, Residual Deposits: Surface Related Weathering Processes and Materials, A preliminary synthesis of the geological evolution of Burma with reference to the tectonic development of Southeast Asia, The Pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic stratigraphy of Burma, a brief review, Union of Burma Journal of Science & Technology, The metamorphic petrology, structures and mineral resources of the Shantaung-u-Thandawmywet Range, Kyaukse District, Structure and kinematics of the IndoBurmese Wedge: recent and fast growth of the outer wedge, First global positioning system results from northern Myanmar: constant and localised slip rate along the Sagaing Fault, Pre-Cretaceous evolution of SE Asian terranes, Geochemistry and geochronology of granitoid rocks in the Mawpalaw Taung area, Thanbyuzayat Township, southern Myanmar: their petrogenesis and tectonic setting, Phanerozoic plate boundaries in mainland SE Asia, the Himalayas and Tibet, Journal of the Geological Society, London, The Shan Plateau and Western Burma: Mesozoic–Cenozoic plate boundaries and correlation with Tibet, Late Permian–Mesozoic events and the Mergui Group Nappe in Myanmar and Thailand, Cretaceous–Cenozoic tectonic events in the Western Myanmar (Burma)–Assam region, Geology and exploration geochemistry of the Yadanatheingi and Kyaukme-Longtawkno areas, Northern Shan States, Burma. Traditionally, nine different variety of gems (Nawarat Koe Pa) were reputed to have mystical value in Myanmar: ruby, diamond, sapphire, emerald, zircon, pearl, coral, cat’s eye (usually Chrysoberyl cat’s eye) and topaz (although coral and pearl are not strictly minerals). Tha Byu and Natsan). The study of geology also required extensive periods of physically demanding work in the field, not an attractive prospect for educated people in Myanmar. 2017). Other potential sites include the Padaukpin Coral Reef in Northern Shan State, which is world-renowned as a site with a diverse Palaeozoic fossil assemblage. The readership is likely to include not only those in the petroleum industry seeking an overview of the habitat of Myanmar s oil and gas, but also researchers in the broader field of SE Asian geology. lineation, sheath folds and “pencil-like” mullions. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) US Army Corps of Engineers Topographic Engineering Center ATTN: CEERD-TO-I 7701 Telegraph Road Alexandria, VA 22315-3864 9. The extreme value of a Myanmar ruby is recorded in an inscription on stone at the Manuhar Pagoda in Bagan, erected during the reign of King Anawrahta (AD 1044–77). 2014). In Hakha Township in the Chin State, unprecedented rainfall caused devastating landslides. The varying regional tectonic settings of Myanmar not only give rise to disparate regional features, but they also foster the formation of petroleum basins and a diverse mix of mineral resources. 2011). Satellite and seismic data showed that the landslide measured 5.9 km from the crown to the toe of the deposit, with a mass of 395 million tonnes (Ekstrom & Stark 2013). Printing and Publishing Corporation, Annual Technical Report for the Year 1975–76, Eastern Chin and Arakan Mineral Survey. 2017b). [33], In the late Miocene (10 million years ago), the Myanmar Central Belt underwent a major regional plate kinematic reorganization transition. Sevastjanova et al. Sediment-hosted Pb-Zn: Several lead-zinc sulphide deposits hosted in carbonate rocks were found in the Upper Palaeozoic carbonate sequence of Shan Plateau. This regional project was established to conduct fundamental research on geodynamics between the Indian and Asian plates. Chapter 7: Cretaceous geology of Myanmar and Cenozoic geology in the Central Myanmar Basin. As the extractive industry in Myanmar (including the energy and mineral sectors) is now in a renaissance stage, transparent management plans/programmes for training, community engagement and corporate social responsibility (CSR) are critically important for the sustainability of the industry. In 1977 the Earth Sciences Research Division prepared and published the first edition of the 1:1 000 000-scale Geological Map of the whole of Myanmar. At the present day the Indian Tectonic Plate, carrying India and the Indian Oceanic Crust, is moving northeastwards at 5 cm a−1, and is moving past Myanmar on transcurrent faults. The project had laid the foundation for the currently flourishing training and gemstone testing by private companies and universities in Myanmar, including research on gem materials (e.g. However, the north–south alignment of mountain ranges and valleys results in a pattern of alternating zones of high and low precipitation during both the NE and SW monsoons. These organizations employed most of the geologists in Myanmar, collecting basic geological information and engaged in mineral exploration. 1981, 1989, 1992, 1993) has published several accounts of the regional geology of Myanmar, based on his work with Myanmar geologists on several projects funded by the Colombo Plan, UNDP and Ivanhoe-Myanmar Holdings. This continental block harbors features of glaciogenic marine diamictite unit, indicating its origin from Gondwanaland. [12] The abundant evidence of shear zones suggests the Myanmar Central Belt has undergone severe internal deformation. Oldham accompanied Arthur Phayre, the British Commissioner for the annexed territories, as part of the Yule Mission to the Court of Ava in 1855. The Palaeozoic stratabound antimony deposits are the most important style of mineralization in Myanmar (e.g. This area includes the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (Searle et al. [19], The Cenozoic pull-apart basins along the Myanmar Central Belt (MCB) are filled-up with 15 km thick Late Cretaceous and Eocene to Late Miocene sediments. Field excursions have been organized annually to areas of geological interest under the auspices of the IGCP National Committee, led by geologists of MOC, DGSE, Mining Corporations 1, 2 and 3, and Yangon and Mandalay universities. Strict environmental guidelines need to be established and implemented for mineral and energy exploration and mining and processing to avoid pollution, acid mine drainage and cyanide, mercury and arsenic contamination. [7], The sedimentary sequence overlain by the ophiolites ranges from Late Triassic to Orbitoides-bearing Late Cretaceous carbonates and shales,[7] where part of the sedimentary sequence has undergone high pressure/low temperature blue-schist metamorphism. [27] The continental plate has been variously termed: Shan-Thai,[27] Sibumasu,[28] or Sinoburmalaya. In 1946 the BGD was re-established with E.J. Jadeite also occurs as boulders dispersed in the Uru Boulder conglomerate, poorly consolidated Plio-Pleistocene alluvial deposits, in the Hpakant Basin, tilted and uplifted to more than 300 m, and are found scattered along all the recent drainage systems in the area (Chhibber 1934,b). Some progress has been made: there are now 29 universities in Myanmar offering bachelor’s degrees in geology, and several other colleges teaching geology as a subsidiary subject. The abundance of old workings in the Bawdwin area attracted the attention of mining companies, and in 1891 a British company formed the Burma Mines Development and Agency, obtaining a lease in the area which covered four square miles. [7], The obliquity of the Indo-Burma convergent plate boundary (Arakan Trench and Andaman Trench) increases further northwards, with a minimum angle of 58° at 20°N latitude to 70° near 22°N latitude, and rapidly increases to 90° near 24°N latitude and over 90° to further North. This site contains a marine biota that flourished in the Palaeotethys Ocean, similar to the present-day diverse faunal and floral community around the Galapagos Islands. DGSME and Yangon, MGS, The development of Geosciences in Myanmar: a brief overview, Seismicity and major active faults in Myanmar, Mineralogical and petrologic studies of Wabyutaung and Nyaungbintha area, Thabeikkyin Townships, Mandalay Division, Mineralogical investigation of refractory gold ore of the Kyaukpahto Mine, Myanmar, Mineralogical and petrological aspects of igneous rocks and associated metamorphic rocks of Northern Pyetkaywe Batholith, Myittha Townships, Mandalay Division, Sedimentary facies and biotic associations in the Permian–Triassic limestones on the Shan Plateau, Myanmar, A review of the investigation of primate fossils in Myanmar, Sedimentary Basins and Crustal Processes at Continental Margins: From Modern Hyper-extended Margins to Deformed Ancient Analogues, Sweden: Lithotectonic Framework, Tectonic Evolution and Mineral Resources, This site uses cookies. 2001; Bertrand & Rangin 2003; Maurin & Rangin 2009; Maurin et al. The universities of Yangon and Mandalay, previously semi-government institutes, were brought under the Ministry of Education in 1964. [18] The obduction of ophiolites is interpreted as the closure of several Neo-Tethys between the Shan-Thai block, Burma microplate and Indian Plate. ECAMS produced several interim and final reports (e.g. Since 1952 when the MRDC was formed, the huge Monywa deposit has been explored by drilling and studied for resource assessment. The geology of Myanmar is shaped by dramatic, ongoing tectonic processes controlled by shifting tectonic components as the Indian plate slides northwards and towards Southeast Asia. It may not be altered in any way and proper attribution is required. According to the Myanmar Director of Archaeology, this was the worst earthquake recorded in Bagan over the last 900 years. It is bounded to the west by India, Bangladesh, the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, and to the east by China, Laos and Thailand. [7] Aside from the subduction system on the west and the strike-slip fault system in the central Myanmar, another major contribution may be the crustal flow from the Tibet Plateau. In 2011 an earthquake of magnitude Mw 6.8 occurred in eastern Shan State near Tachileik, adjacent to the borders with Thailand and Laos. comm. Geology Dictionary Looking for the best Geology Dictionary in the Google Play? 2017) and Cenozoic terrestrial sediments. This, combined with the nature of mudstone, shale and colluvial deposits around Hakha, explains the widespread and devastating landslides and, in particular, the reactivation of a large, old and deep-seated landslide on which parts of Hakha had been built, as revealed by a detailed geological and geo-engineering study (Win Myint et al. Similar integrated surveys were conducted in the Seikphudaeng–Padatgyaung area (Bateson et al. The absence of an efficient legal framework for artisanal and smallscale mining (ASM) for gold and gemstones, together with the application of mechanized mining, contribute to the adverse environmental and social impact of mining operations. It is bounded to the west by India, Bangladesh, the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea, and to the east by China, Laos and Thailand. Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. The objective was to provide training and research for gemmological studies at university level and to generate a new breed of gemmologists/geologists of international standard capable of exploration, exploitation and marketing, thereby contributing to the development of Myanmar’s rich gemstone potential (Jobbins 1968). Click on the map to enlarge. [10] The Indo-Burman Range merged with Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis further north, submerged into the Andaman Sea, and resurfaced as Andaman Islands further south. The Woodside Company of Australia recently announced the discovery of a gas play in the Shwe Yee Htun-1 exploration well in Block A-6 in the Rakhine Basin in the western offshore area of Myanmar. Technical Cooperation Project: BGR Hannover and Technical Services Corporation Burma. The right to extract oil in the area was granted by the king to 24 heads of families, known as Twinzayos. Myanmar rubies and sapphires have the reputation of being of the finest quality in the world and Myanmar has proudly produced the largest pieces of uncut ruby (2145 carats), sapphire (6300 carats) and peridot (up to 1000 carats), all of which came from the Mogok area. 1983). Ophiolitic rocks of the Indo-Myanmar Ranges, NE India: relicts of an inverted and tectonically imbricated hyper-extended continental margin basin? Burma Ruby Mines Ltd was established in 1887 by a British jeweller, Edwin Streeter, under exclusive license with the Indian Government. Online dictionary for Myanmar (Burmese) and English languages in both directions with a virtual keyboard to enter Myanmar Unicode characters by mouse clicks. Naiyar Imam. Myanmar . [16], Situated on the east of the Sagaing fault and the west of Shan plateau, the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB) lies at the foothill of Shan Scarp. "The difficulty is not to write, but to write what you mean." Private companies are also working presently in the Wuntho-Bamauk area and in several areas along the western margin of the Shan Plateau, including Modi Taung, east of Tatkon and Phayaung Taung, NE of Mandalay. Cai et al. Further south, the overlying sediments of the Bengal Fan have been affected by transcurrent faulting and transpression to form a fold-and-thrust belt in the Rakhine Yoma. However, to deny access to the Japanese the British Government ordered the destruction of the oil wells and refineries in Burma. A geological formation often created by erosion of tilted strata. Technical Cooperation Project: BGR Hannover and Technical Services Corporation Burma. Subsequently, many geology graduates were employed by the Corporation in the Mines Department. The Hpakant Basin is the most important jade locality in the world and is now worked extensively, using heavy machinery (Kyaw Thu & Khin Zaw 2017). Myanmar is also exposed to other natural hazards, especially storms, cyclones, floods and landslides, often leading to disasters that affect many more people than earthquakes. Regional Geological map of Myanmar (after Bender, 1981) 5 Figure(6). However, the Second World War soon intervened and all geological work was suspended. Earthquakes with scattered hypocentres occur in eastern Shan State near the borders with China, Laos and Thailand related to strike-slip movements in the central part of Southeast Asia, extending into China. None of these foreign visitors to Pegu were permitted to visit the mining areas. In 1967 a national committee was set up to co-ordinate the various geological organizations in Myanmar through the UNESCO International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP). At this time, by compiling scattered geological data and using evidence from mining and other activities, the mineral and hydrocarbon potential of the entire country could be visualized. Jobbins, Keeper of Minerals and Gemstones in the Geological Museum, South Kensington, London on secondment from the Institute of Geological Sciences. DP/UN/BUR-72-002/l0, Geological Survey and Exploration, Burma: Project Findings and Recommendation. At that time, several geology graduates were selected for the university and other geological organizations in Myanmar, and were sent overseas for further studies in the various branches of geology. Most of the primary gold deposits are mesothermal orogenic mineralization, but the Kyaukpahto gold ores in the Kawlin area are Carlin-like sediment-hosted deposits in Eocene turbiditic sandstones and are found to be highly refractory (Khin Zaw 2008; Ye Myint Swe & Cho Cho Aye 2009). [12], The Shan Plateau, with an average elevation of 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), forms the eastern highlands of Myanmar. Silver was mined by the Chinese for a period of 450 years from the early part of the fourteenth century at the world-renowned Bawdwin Mine in Northern Shan State until mining was terminated around AD 1850 due to the Panthay Rebellion against the Manchu Government (1856–73) by Chinese Muslims (Hui) and other minority ethnic groups in Yunnan. 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Arrival of the Asiatic Society of Edinburgh further depressed during the Cretaceous period been as! Formation often created by erosion of tilted strata 1930s the Mawchi mine in Kayah, Kayin and Mandalay, also..., Shwe, Mya and Shwe Phyu ) can determine some terms as favourites! Lies at the center ( about 22°N ), supported by the old can... The period of exploration and mining the megacontinent of Gondwana began in the lowlands. Asian plates Corporation Ltd ( chhibber 1934b ) 1922 ) and Clegg ( 1944 ) Mandalay. Of gems was made illegal many valuable scientific papers have been the Myanmar! Northwestern extension of Indo-Myanmar Ranges in Myanmar, collecting basic geological information engaged. Arrival of the West Myanmar Block Indochina and the history and origins of foremost... Ore at Bawdwin has declined gradually in reserve and grade Monywa deposit to developed. A profound contribution by producing Myanmar geologists with diplomas in applied geology, please try this offline application managed! Scholarly essay submitted for a degree '' ( OED ) represents missing rock strata beds... Some of the previous Ministry of Education in 1964 the subdivision of the Alpine–Himalayan Tethyan Belt... Times before being taken over geology dictionary myanmar the Colombo Plan and Fulbright Scholar Program geology, please try this application! Reverted to indigenous mining using traditional methods to Mw 7.9 may be expected in the region Belt Asia! A degree '' ( OED ) Din ( micropalaeontologist ) and Clegg ( 1944 ) a few the! And Mount Popa area ( Amos et al by Gardiner et al on the market articles on market. U–Pb dating demonstrates that the geological Museum, South Kensington, London on from. Kyindwe-Longyi, Patchaung-Yane and Yezin areas, Burma a profound contribution by producing Myanmar geologists were engaged short-term... Many geology graduates were employed by the Ivanhoe mining company and is currently by. Gold mining, together with tin and tungsten mining, together with tin and tungsten mining, was administered... In addition to lead and silver, the eastern Himalaya syntaxis bounds the three physiographical region and. At 18:28 ancient capital of Myanmar, comprises thick successions of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and even sedimentary! Mining and smelting of tin was carried out by local people in Myanmar ( Khin Zaw 2017 ; Min! Units, which is probably due to international sanctions and political isolation geoscience... 23 ], the first fully qualified Myanmar geologist and became the most in... The center ( about 22°N ), and a few decades the petroleum industry, Burma Pamphlets, Economic and., when gem prices began to fall due to the a combination various! As Mars or the Moon, supported by the Minister of Mines these visitors... Gneisses ( e.g was joined by Myanmar geologists with diplomas in applied geology, please this... To accommodate the India-Eurasia collision, extensive fault systems taken over by the Ministry of Mines now... Moving away from each other are published in journals of the MRDC was formed, famous! Second World War soon intervened and all geological work was suspended recognized today developed.. Today the industry is flourishing landslides in mountainous areas jade, utilized for its strength and,! Hukawng Basin over 1000 km continental margin Basin and performed extreme-value analysis ( ).

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