largest groundwater irrigation in the world

Pumping costs are low because the fuel used, natural gas, is inexpensive. have prompted some to plant additional fields and further increase the use of water from the aquifer. Paper 116. Pipeline Review Is Faced With Question of Conflict, "Thousands rally in D.C. against Keystone Pipeline", "Trump signs executive actions to advance Keystone XL, Dakota Access pipelines", "In Texas, a push to show farmers how to save water", USGS High Plains Regional Groundwater Study, A Legal Fight in Texas over the Ogallala Aquifer, Kansas Geological Survey information on the High Plains / Ogallala Aquifer, Rapid Recharge of Parts of the High Plains Aquifer Indicated by a Reconnaissance Study in Oklahoma, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ogallala_Aquifer&oldid=1019571267, Short description is different from Wikidata, All Wikipedia articles written in American English, Articles lacking reliable references from July 2019, All articles with vague or ambiguous time, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 24 April 2021, at 02:55. In India, for example, the groundwater-irrigated area has increased 500% since 1960 (Shah, 2009). At places, the water table was measured to drop more than 5 ft (1.5 m) per year at the time of maximum extraction. Because of this, the rivers receive groundwater flow (baseflow), carrying it out of the region rather than recharging the aquifer. [43] The local non-profit organization Ogallala Commons, named for the aquifer itself, which not only collaborates and supports the local communicates, also works to conserve the Ogallala Aquifer and the surrounding area. Map of Pipelines and the Ogallala Aquifer, 2012, How Pipelines Make the Oil Market Work – Their Networks, Operation and Regulation, Myth vs. United States Department of State and the Broadcasting Board of Governors Office of Inspector General Office of Audits. Many farmers in the Texas High Plains, which rely particularly on the underground source, are now turning away from irrigated agriculture as they become aware of the hazards of overpumping.[13]. "U.S. report clears way for TransCanada's Keystone XL pipeline". The motivation to save water comes from the district's regulations on extracting water from the aquifer. [1] Some estimates indicate the remaining volume could be depleted as soon as 2028. People around the world rely on groundwater for drinking and crop irrigation. Satisfactory global statistics for groundwater irrigation are now available from a UN-FAO survey (Table 1). Groundwater abstracted in the Indo-Gangetic basin is about onefourth of the global total. Several rivers, such as the Platte, run below the water level of the aquifer. Ibid. The High Plains region—where the aquifer lies—relies on the aquifer for residential and industrial uses, but the aquifer’s water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. world’s largest single irrigation system, and agro-processing facilities. In other areas, such as parts of eastern and central Nebraska and of the region south of Lubbock, Texas, water levels have risen since 1980. It was named in 1898 by geologist N. H. Darton from its type locality near the town of Ogallala, Nebraska. Recharge in the aquifer ranges from 0.024 inches (0.61 mm) per year in parts of Texas and New Mexico to 6 inches (150 mm) per year in south-central Kansas.[14]. Soil sensors permit farmers to gather accurate information about the moisture level of their crops. February 2012. Source, 30 percent of the Kansas portion of the Ogallala Aquifer has already been pumped out, and another 39 percent will get used up in the next half-century at existing rates. The Environmental Impact Statement concluded that the project posed little threat of "adverse environmental impacts",[29][37] the report was drafted by Cardno Entrix, a company that assisted both the Department of State and the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission in preparing environmental impact statements for other proposed TransCanada projects. Groundwater use in irrigation Pakistan is the only country that has the largest Irrigation system in the world. Here are some important facts about the world’s groundwater that you should know. India is the largest groundwater user in the world, with an estimated usage of around 230 cubic kilometers per year, more than a quarter of the global total. Both mechanisms reduce the amount of recharge water that reaches the water table. [5] The aquifer is at risk of over-extraction and pollution. Participating farmers grow corn with just over half of the water that they would normally require to irrigate the fields, or they plant several weeks later than customary. The aquifer is part of the … The groundwater is being used for domestic, municipal and industrial water supply as well as for irrigation throughout the world. [29][30], Pipeline industry spokesmen have noted that thousands of miles of existing pipelines carrying crude oil and refined liquid hydrocarbons have crossed over the Ogallala Aquifer for years, in southeast Wyoming, eastern Colorado and New Mexico, western Nebraska, Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas. From the uplands to the west, rivers and streams cut channels in a generally west to east or southeast direction. Still, losses to the aquifer between 2001 and 2011 equated to a third of its cumulative depletion during the entire 20th century. Source, Roughly 2 billion people rely on water supplied from underground aquifers as their main source of freshwater. groundwater use for irrigation is estimated as 545km3 yr−1, or 43% of the total consumptive irrigation water use of 1277km3 yr−1. A recent NASA study concluded that 21 of the largest 37 aquifers in the world have exceeded sustainability tipping points and are being depleted. Fact: KXL will Threaten the Ogallala Aquifer, Smaller oil pipeline to cross Ogallala Aquifer. [36], As the lead agency in the transboundary pipeline project, the U.S. State Department commissioned an environmental-impact assessment as required by the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969. Once depleted, the aquifer will take over 6,000 years to replenish naturally through rainfall. Rainfall in most of the Texas High Plains is minimal, evaporation is high, and infiltration rates are slow. The $46.1-million Optima Lake dam in western Oklahoma was rendered useless when the dropping level of the aquifer drastically reduced flow of the Beaver River, the lake's intended source of water. [25] It was reported in 2020 that the aquifer would be "dry" within twenty years. Of all the Groundwater is a very important constituent of our environment since about 24.5% of the world’s fresh water resources exist in the form of Groundwater. Groundwater is the world’s largest freshwater resource and is critically important for irrigation, and hence for global food security 1,2,3.Already, unsustainable groundwater … This is a decline of about 253,000,000 acre feet (312 km3), or 9%, since substantial groundwater irrigation development began in the 1950s.[1]. [41], Early in his presidency, U.S President Donald Trump overturned U.S. President Barack Obama's decision by signing executive memos in support of the Keystone XL pipeline in January 2017. [8][9] In that respect, the process is similar to those currently prevailing in other modern rivers of the area, such as the Kansas River and its tributaries. The success of large-scale farming in areas that do not have adequate precipitation and do not always have perennial surface water for diversion has depended heavily on pumping groundwater for irrigation. Source, According to NASA satellite data 13 of the largest 37 aquifers in the world are considered significantly distressed. Groundwater is Important to Nebraska About 80% of the state’s public drinking water and nearly all of its private water supply are from ground water sources. (1984). Nitrate levels generally meet USGS water quality standards, but continue to gradually increase over time. The depth of the Ogallala varies with the shape of then-prevailing surface, being deepest where it fills ancient valleys and channels. Present-day recharge of the aquifer with fresh water occurs at an exceedingly slow rate, suggesting that much of the water in its pore spaces is paleowater, dating back to the most recent ice age and probably earlier. Source, Scientists have estimated that northern India, which includes the nation’s breadbasket of wheat and rice production, is depleting groundwater at a rate of 54 billion cubic meters per year. The world’s most overstressed groundwater source is the Arabian Aquifer System, which supplies water for more than 60 million people. [22] In the United States, the biggest users of water from aquifers include agricultural irrigation and oil and coal extraction. "[22], Since the 1940s, pumping from the Ogallala has drawn the aquifer down by more than 300 feet (90 m) in some areas. Source, An estimated 20 percent of the world’s population depend on crops irrigated by groundwater. [23] "Cumulative total groundwater depletion in the United States accelerated in the late 1940s and continued at an almost steady linear rate through the end of the century. Groundwater is remarkably important in Punjab’s mega-irrigation system, both for quantity and reliability. Much of the plains region is semiarid, with steady winds that hasten evaporation of surface water and precipitation. The destruction of playas by farmers and development decreases the available recharge area. Streamlined operations allow them to produce significantly greater yield using roughly the same amount of water needed four decades ago. In the 21st century, recognition of the significance of the aquifer has led to increased coverage from regional and international journalists. Groundwater is the water that soaks into the soil from rain or other precipitation and moves downward to fill cracks and other openings in beds of rocks and sand. The deposition of aquifer material dates back two to six million years, from the late Miocene to early Pliocene ages when the southern Rocky Mountains were still tectonically active. Today One can clearly see that ancient groundwater storage, at … The demand for the water outstrips its replenishment. In addition to widely recognized environmental consequences, groundwater depletion also adversely impacts the long-term sustainability of groundwater supplies to help meet the nation’s water needs. Groundwater is estimated to account for between a quar-ter and a third of the world’s annual freshwater withdrawals to meet agricultural, industrial, and domestic demand (Döll et al., 2012; Wada et al., 2014; Hanasaki et al., 2018). Its deepest part is 1200 ft. (300 m) and is generally greater in the Northern Plains. Irrigation water is essential for keeping fruits, vegetables, and grains growing to feed the world's population, and this has been a constant for thousands of years. Comments on the geologic history of the Ogallala Formation in the southern panhandle of Nebraska. [40] In January 2014, the U.S. State Department released its Keystone pipeline Final Supplemental Environmental Impact Statement for the Keystone XL Project Executive Summary, which concluded that, according to models, a large crude oil spill from the pipeline that reached the Ogallala could spread as far as 1,214 feet (370 m), with dissolved components spreading as much as 1,050 ft (320 m) further. Groundwater around the World. In many locations, the aquifer is overlain, in the vadose zone, with a shallow layer of caliche that is practically impermeable; this limits the amount of water able to recharge the aquifer from the land surface. The United States Geological Survey determined the water level in the aquifer has dropped more in Texas than in any other state in the basin. Abstract India, the world’s largest groundwater user, withdraws about 230-billion-m3 groundwater annually for irrigation. India is the largest groundwater user in the world, with an estimated usage of around 230 cubic kilometers per year, more than a quarter of the global total. The prevalence of the caliche is partly due to the ready evaporation of soil moisture and the semiarid climate; the aridity increases the amount of evaporation, which in turn increases the amount of caliche in the soil. The rate at which recharge water enters the aquifer is limited by several factors. Ground water levels decline when the rate of extraction by irrigation exceeds the rate of recharge. [31][32][33][34][35] The Pioneer crude oil pipeline crosses east-west across Nebraska, and the Pony Express pipeline, which crosses the Ogallala Aquifer in Colorado, Nebraska, and Kansas, was being converted as of 2013 from natural gas to crude oil, under a permit from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission. But those gains have come at a cost: The country that produces 10% of the world's crops is now the world's largest consumer of groundwater, and aquifers are … Source, Underground aquifers supply 35 percent of the water used by humans worldwide. The center-pivot irrigator was described as the "villain"[19] in a New York Times article, "Wells Dry, Fertile Plains Turn to Dust" recounting the relentless decline of parts of the Ogallala Aquifer. The Ogallala is recharged primarily by rainwater, but only about one inch of precipitation actually reaches the aquifer annually. One of the world's largest aquifers, it underlies an area of approximately 174,000 sq mi (450,000 km2) in portions of eight states (South Dakota, Nebraska, Wyoming, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Texas). Erosion of the Rockies provided alluvial and aeolian sediment that filled the ancient channels and eventually covered the entire area of the present-day aquifer, forming the water-bearing Ogallala Formation. Groundwater within the Ogallala generally flows from west to east at an average rate of a foot per day. [43], Farmers on their own land may draw water from the aquifer without charge. Nebraska has more than 100,000 regis-tered irrigation wells and an additional Certain wells are now required to have meters. The country has achieved impressive food-production gains since the 1960s, due in part to an increased reliance on irrigation wells, which allowed Indian farmers to expand production into the mostly dry winter and summer seasons. Groundwater has emerged as a strategic resource, not Source, Facts About the World’s Shrinking Groundwater Resources, Mechanical & Magnetic Flow Meters for Municipal Water Systems, Seametrics Releases New LevelSCOUT 2X Level Logger, TASI Flow’s Vögtlin Supports Ventilator Development, 4 Keys for Selecting an Irrigation Flow Meter, Remote Level Monitoring with the PT2X at Clinton Gulch Reservoir, Harbour Group’s ONICON Acquires Pulsar Process Measurement Ltd. 2013. Sixty years of intensive farming using huge center-pivot irrigators has emptied parts of the High Plains Aquifer. [19] Hundreds to thousands of years of rainfall would be needed to replace the groundwater in the depleted aquifer. India has the largest area under groundwater irrigation in the world.Which of the statements given above is/are correct? In these regions, farmers mostly depend on groundwater for irrigation and obtain water from a common tubewell/aquifer. An aquifer is a groundwater storage reservoir in the water cycle. Pivot sprinklers are used in the project, rather than the more expensive drip irrigation. The Mezquital Valley system is the world's oldest and largest example with regard to use of untreated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. In 1950, irrigated cropland covered 250,000 acres (100,000 ha). Can you explain this answer? [1] It was named in 1898 by geologist N. H. Darton from its type locality near the town of Ogallala, Nebraska. [4] Today about 27% of the irrigated land in the entire United States lies over the aquifer, which yields about 30% of the ground water used for irrigation in the United States. This aquifer, the Nubian Sandstone Aquifer System, is the largest fossil water aquifer system in the world with a footprint of over 772,000 million square miles and an estimated 36,000 cubic miles of groundwater. It also is an abundant natural resource. Agriculture consumes the largest share of groundwater in India - the biggest user of groundwater in the world. With the use of center-pivot irrigation, nearly three million acres of land were irrigated. [6], The aquifer system supplies drinking water to 82% of the 2.3 million people (1990 census) who live within the boundaries of the High Plains study area.[7]. Groundwater is a critical resource for food security, providing 40% of the world’s irrigation. As of 2005, the total depletion since before development amounted to 253,000,000 acre feet (312 km3). Since 1950, agricultural irrigation has reduced the saturated volume of the aquifer by an estimated 9%. Gurdak, J. J, McMahon, P. B, Dennehy, K, Qi, S. L. (2009). CRC Press/Balkema. The water-saturated thickness of the Ogallala Formation ranges from a few feet to more than 1,000 feet. The major differences are time and depth. Hydraulic conductivity, or the ability for a fluid (water) to move through porous material, ranges from 25 to 300 feet (7.6 to 91.4 m) per day. While groundwater is a renewable source, reserves replenish relatively slowly. Source, California is currently tapping aquifers for 60 percent of its water use as its rivers and above-ground reservoirs dry up, a steep increase from the usual 40 percent. Water conservation practices (terracing and crop rotation), more efficient irrigation methods (center pivot and drip), and reduced area under irrigation have helped to slow depletion of the aquifer, but levels are generally still dropping in areas including southwestern Kansas and the Texas Panhandle. As the world’s largest distributed store of fresh water, ground- The countries with the largest extent of areas equipped for irrigation with groundwater, in absolute terms, are India (39millionha), China (19millionha) and the USA (17millionha). "Geohydrology of the High Plains Aquifer in parts of Colorado, Kansas, Nebraska, New Mexico, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, and Wyoming". They are leaving more space between plants, a technique that retains moisture for a longer period of time. In essence, this is what is happening in California, which pumps more groundwater annually than any other state, and in many other parts of the United States and the world. Throughout the world, irrigation (water for agriculture, or growing crops) is probably the most important use of water (except for drinking and washing a smelly dog, perhaps). Geology, 16(3), 203-206. The Ogallala Aquifer supports an astounding one-sixth of the world’s grain produce, and it has long been an essential component of American agriculture. Although the number of people who draw their water by pail is … The Ogallala Aquifer (oh-guh-LAH-lah) is a shallow water table aquifer surrounded by sand, silt, clay, and gravel located beneath the Great Plains in the United States. Papers in Natural Resources. Depositional facies of the Miocene-Pliocene Ogallala Formation, northwestern Texas and eastern New Mexico. Yet another challenge facing the district is that higher prices for crops[when?] Currently, India is the largest user of groundwater in the world, extracting groundwater to the tune of 253 cm per year, about 25% of the global groundwater extraction. According to district manager Steve Walthour, conservation is essential considering declining levels of the aquifer. [26], In 2008, TransCanada Corporation proposed the construction of the 1,661-mile (2,673 km) Keystone XL pipeline to carry oil from the Athabasca oil sands of Alberta to refineries near Houston, Texas. Source, The world’s most overstressed groundwater source is the Arabian Aquifer System, which supplies water for more than 60 million people. [12] This trend can impact the future groundwater sustainability for portions of the aquifer. The Mezquital Valley system is the world's oldest and largest example with regard to use of untreated wastewater for agricultural irrigation. Special Review of the Keystone XL Pipeline Permit Process. B. Only after World War II, when center pivot irrigation became available, was the land mass of the High Plains aquifer system transformed into one of the most agriculturally productive regions in the world. There are many rivers in the plain, and the Yellow … (1988). However, by 2013, as the water consumption efficiency of the center-pivot irrigator improved over the years, farmers chose to plant more intensively, irrigate more land, and grow thirstier crops rather than reduce water consumption--an example of the Jevons Paradox in practice. The South Asia Ground Water Forum says the region is the largest user of groundwater, accounting for nearly 50% of the total groundwater pumped for irrigation globally. The regions overlying the Ogallala Aquifer are some of the most productive regions in the United States for ranching livestock, and growing corn, wheat, and soybeans. Although it is "common for companies applying to build government projects to be involved in assigning and paying for the impact analysis",[38] several opponents of the project suggested there could be a conflict of interest. Because of the artificial high recharge associated with the Mezquital Valley aquifers, groundwater is extracted for human consumption, and there are plans to use this groundwater as a water resource for Mexico City. "TransCanada Proposes Second Oil Pipeline". 2nd World Irrigation Forum (WIF2) 6-8November 2016, Chiang Mai, Thailand W.1.1.09 1 EFFECT OF IRRIGATION SYSTEM ON GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN HARRAN PLAIN (SOUTHEASTERN TURKEY) Nedret ÖZEL1, Şaziye BOZDAĞ2, Alper BABA3 ABSTRACT Irrigated agriculture is the largest consumer of groundwater resources. Flow Meters and Environmental Sensors for Precision Fluid Measurement. The 15 nations with the largest estimated annual groundwater extractions (2010) [7] are: The 15 nations with groundwater having the largest share in total annual freshwater withdrawals, ranked by all water use sectors [8] Margat, J., and J. van der Gun. "[40] On February 17, 2013, a rally at the National Mall drew an estimated 40,000 in protest of Keystone XL. Source, Some areas of Mexico City are sinking as much as an inch per month due to groundwater depletion underneath the city. Logan Layden, "If you Want to Build a New Lake in Oklahoma, Forget History", March 28, 2013, StateImpact Oklahoma. "[19], The center-pivot irrigation system is considered to be a highly efficient system which helps conserve water. [11] Water quality within the Ogallala varies with the highest quality for drinking and irrigation in the northern region while the southern region had the poorest. However, the soil of the playa lakes is different and not lined with caliche, making these some of the few areas where the aquifer can recharge. Irrigation is an important and main part of the growth of plants and Crops. Retrieved from: Diffendal, R. F. (1984). Please add such references to provide context and establish the relevance of any, Darton, N.H. 1898. Source, The water table under Beijing has dropped by nearly 1,000 feet since the 1970s. "Vast stretches of Texas farmland lying over the aquifer no longer support irrigation. 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( 1984.! 2 billion people rely on groundwater for drinking and crop irrigation yr−1, or 43 of... Of our biggest aquifers are overstressed and crop irrigation regard to use of irrigation. Is being used for domestic, municipal and industrial water supply as as... They are leaving more space between plants, a renewable resource, although renewal rates vary greatly according to conditions... Has grown rapidly over the past few decades have witnessed an alarming depletion of groundwater the... Groundwater for drinking and crop irrigation groundwater depletion underneath the City, which transition upward into finer-grained.. Acres ( 100,000 ha largest groundwater irrigation in the world recharging the groundwater is being used for domestic, municipal and industrial water supply well. ) in 2000 a renewable resource, although renewal rates vary greatly according NASA!

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